1. Rick Parent - CIS681 Background Perception Display Considerations Video Technology

2. Rick Parent - CIS681 Persistence of Vision Refresh rate v. update rate Perception of Motion Flicker, flicker rate Positive Afterimage Perception

3. Rick Parent - CIS681 Double buffering Compositing Alpha channel Shadows, drop shadows Motion Blur Display Issues

4. Rick Parent - CIS681 Double Buffering A Write into buffer

5. Rick Parent - CIS681 Double Buffering A Write into buffer B Display buffer A

6. Rick Parent - CIS681 Double Buffering C Clear and write into buffer B Display buffer B

7. Rick Parent - CIS681 Double Buffering Requires additional memory Allows for “instantaneous” update of screen Writing to buffer may not be real-time May be supported in hardware Can use more than two buffers

8. Rick Parent - CIS681 Shadows

9. Rick Parent - CIS681 Shadows

10. Rick Parent - CIS681 Shadows

11. Rick Parent - CIS681 Shadows

12. Rick Parent - CIS681 Motion Blur Sample the pixel over single frame time Move objects during frame time Blend colors Usually jitter the samples in time

13. Rick Parent - CIS681 Motion Blur

14. Rick Parent - CIS681 Compositing Z buffer: keep z values with color buffer Compare z values at corresponding pixels Keep all or nothing OR compute partial coverage Interpolate corner z values Compare corner values for pixel and blend Alpha Channel Combined partial coverage and transparency

15. Rick Parent - CIS681 Compositing - example

16. Rick Parent - CIS681 Analog Image Technology Video (raster scan) Interlace v. progressive scan Number of scanlines (e.g. 525, 625) Aspect ratio (e.g. 4:3, 16:9) Field rate (e.g., 59.94 Hz, 50 Hz) Film Various formats (e.g. mm widths of 8, 16, 35, 65, 70) Vary by placement of sound track, performations, frame Speeds 18 fps or, more usually, 24fps Usually doubly projected

17. Rick Parent - CIS681 Video - Raster Pattern

18. Rick Parent - CIS681 Interlaced Raster Pattern Frame v. Field

19. Rick Parent - CIS681 Video NTSC: 29.97Hz, interlaced 4:3 aspect ratio ~480 scanlines ~640 (square) pixels HDTV: 60Hz progressive scan 16:9 aspect ratio Video Information RGB YUV (Betamax) Y-C (S-VHS) NTSC

20. Rick Parent - CIS681 Video Analog Digital Binary

21. Rick Parent - CIS681 Codecs Tradeoffs Symmetry v. asymmetry Lossy v. lossless Speed Space (compression ratio) Video v. Television Compression techniques Run-length encoding LZW Discrete cosine transform Wavelet compression Fractal compression Vector quantization

22. Rick Parent - CIS681 Digital Formats Movie formats Quicktime Video for Windows File formats MPEG MJPEG Gif89a Codecs GIF Motion JPEG MPEG Cinepak Sorenson Indeo 3.2 RLE Video I Sorenson

23. Rick Parent - CIS681 Digital Video Formats D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 DVCam DVCPRO Digital8 Ampex DCT Digital Betacam