1. Digital Media Dr. Jim Rowan ITEC 2110 Video

2. Works because of persistence of vision http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate Fusion frequency –~ 40 frames per second –depends on the brightness of the image relative to the viewing environment Less than that –flickering –individual images appear losing the illusion of motion

3. Video Video vs Animation... –Video - capture of frames and then playback –Animation - create frames individually and then playback

4. Video... Computationally demanding –Capture must be fast enough to capture sufficient frames to produce the illusion of motion –Transport (if across the web) must be fast enough to carry those captured frames at a rate fast enough to produce the illusion of motion –Playback must be fast enough to play those captured frames at a rate fast enough to produce the illusion of motion

5. Video If the transport and playback is not fast enough, frames will be dropped Video players (like quicktime) make compromises differently –Trying to “degrade gracefully” Some drop frames holding the last image –effectively losing the illusion of motion but continuing the story as a slide show Some play lower resolution images Some continue to play audio

6. Video Standards NTSC –America and Japan –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntsc –North America and Japan –24 frames per second –framesize different than PAL

7. Video Standards PAL –Western Europe and Australia –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL –Western Europe and Australia –25 frames per second –framesize different than NTSC

8. Video gets big fast At a 640 X 480 framesize Using 3 byte color (24 bits, one byte per color) each frame ~ 2 megabytes One second of video (uncompresssed) is 26 Megabytes One minute is 1.85 gigabytes

9. The effects of large size... Uncompressed this exceeds most home computer interface standards Strains the internal speed of the home computer Strains the storage capability of home computer WAY exceeds what can be carried by the net

10. What to do? Apply compression! On the capture side –digitization & compression needs to be carried out by the hardware to be fast enough –Can be done in the camera (VTR) –Can be done in the computer (iSight cam)

11. Compression in the VTR Within the camera –3 (at least) different formats internally Differing error correction and compatibility –Recording on different media CD tape Mini DV or DV format –Connected to computer using firewire –All 3 formats present the same stream of bits to the computer Artifacts that interfere with processing and recompression are created

12. Compression in the computer Analog is presented to the computer through a video capture card Compression is done (usually) in the video capture card Allows for a really small camera because the work is done elsewhere

13. Analog vs Digital An analog signal to the computer is susceptible to noise corruption Digital signal is not What’s the big deal? Consider compressing a video of a wall painted a solid color –Analog noise will cause small fluctuations from pixel to pixel –RLE can’t compress it because each pixel is a bit different

14. iMovie video capture card computer miniDV compression iSight Camera analog signal digital signal 640 x 480 = 307,200 307,200 can be represented by < 24 bits, call it 3 bytes RLE: 307,200 (3bytes) + RGB (3 bytes) = 6 bytes Consider compressing this using RLE the scene 640 x 480 = 307,200 bytes Noise makes each pixel a little different RLE: 307,200 bytes x RGB (3bytes) = 921600 bytes !!!NOISE!!!

15. hardware vs software compression Hardware conversion... user has no control over it... it is hardwired –It is in the camera –It can be in the video card Software conversion... is computationally expensive... it’s a slow process –Provides for the most flexibility –Can use different software coder-decoders (codec), picking and choosing what fits your needs better

16. Streaming Video http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media Video is transported across the web played as it arrives Similar to broadcast TV Can be part of video conferencing Network bandwidth is the enemy

17. 3 Methods of Video delivery True Streaming video Embedded video Progressive download or HTTP streaming

18. True Streaming video Network programs are streamed never stored on disk can be open-ended you don’t get a copy to play later –solves copyright issue! can collect viewer stats without Nielsen ratings advertisers know how many viewers there are on some, you can advance ahead of where the download is complete and the play will start again at the new spot

19. Embedded video entire file is transferred before play begins stored on disk may require more disk than is available

20. Progressive download or HTTP streaming downloads some and then starts playing predicts when the download will complete and starts playing when there is enough downloaded to safely play without interruption you get a copy to play later takes up disk storage quicktime does this on some, you can advance ahead of where the download is complete and the download will start again at the new spot

21. The TV legacy Raster scan - 525 lines in US and Japan Not enough bandwidth to transmit the whole frame at a rate of 40+ frames per second Resulted in Interlacing fields Play half the Frame (and half the data) then play the other half of the Frame

22. 525 lines total

25. The problem... The fields were played one after the other to avoid flicker BUT... The fields were also captured one after the other... there was a time difference between when they were captured

26. Why is this a problem? When you play them on a computer, the computer can refresh much faster and can display the entire frame at the same time To play it can put both fields in a frame buffer and displays them at the same time If the object is moving fast, the second frame shows the object in a different place Results in a “comb effect”

27. Can we solve the problem? You can average the two frames and construct a single frame You can toss out one of the fields and interpolate between them Neither is very good...

28. Film to video? Problematic –video is 30 frames per second –film is 24 frames per second How do you make 30 frames from 24? The 3-2 pull down –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2_pulldown –3 film frames occupy the first 3 fields –2 film frames occupy the next 2 fields

29. Next DV and MPEG

30. Questions?