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4. Citric Acid Cycle Breakdown of Pyruvate Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Microbial Metabolism > The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5777_section_66&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. The four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, that began the cycle is regenerated after the eight steps of the citric acid cycle. The eight steps of the citric acid cycle are a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions. Each turn of the cycle forms one GTP or ATP as well as three NADH molecules and one FADH2 molecule, which will be used in further steps of cellular respiration to produce ATP for the cell. Citric Acid Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-metabolism-5/the-citric-acid-krebs-cycle-66/citric-acid-cycle-357- 11587?campaign_content=book_5777_section_66&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless The citric acid cycle View on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism > The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

6. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the breakdown of pyruvate, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which will be used by the cell to produce ATP. In the final step of the breakdown of pyruvate, an acetyl group is transferred to Coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA. Breakdown of Pyruvate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-metabolism-5/the-citric-acid-krebs-cycle-66/breakdown-of-pyruvate-358- 11585?campaign_content=book_5777_section_66&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Breakdown of Pyruvate View on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism > The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

7. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide. Theoretically there are several alternatives to the TCA cycle, but the TCA cycle appears to be the most efficient. The citric acid cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-metabolism-5/the-citric-acid-krebs-cycle-66/acetyl-coa-and-the-citric-acid-cycle-359- 7647?campaign_content=book_5777_section_66&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless The Citric Acid Cycle View on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism > The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms acetyl CoA a molecule that conveys the carbon atoms from glycolysis (pyruvate) to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production acetyl CoA Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. citric acid cycle a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide citric acid cycle An alternative name for the Krebs cycle. glycolysis The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source. Krebs cycle a series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms; it involves the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units and serves as the main source of cellular energy mitochondria in cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, often described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the ATP Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Metabolism

10. The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Citric acid cycle with aconitate 2." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svgView on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism

11. Breakdown of Pyruvate Each pyruvate molecule loses a carboxylic group in the form of carbon dioxide. The remaining two carbons are then transferred to the enzyme CoA to produce Acetyl CoA. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "09 10PyruvateToAcetylCoA-L." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:09_10PyruvateToAcetylCoA-L.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:09_10PyruvateToAcetylCoA-L.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism

12. The citric acid cycle In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl CoA is attached to a four-carbon oxaloacetate molecule to form a six-carbon citrate molecule. Through a series of steps, citrate is oxidized, releasing two carbon dioxide molecules for each acetyl group fed into the cycle. In the process, three NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH, one FAD molecule is reduced to FADH2, and one ATP or GTP (depending on the cell type) is produced (by substrate- level phosphorylation). Because the final product of the citric acid cycle is also the first reactant, the cycle runs continuously in the presence of sufficient reactants. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/Figure_07_03_02.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/Figure_07_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Metabolism

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Metabolism Which of the following is NOT a step of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle? A) Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA. B) Citrate is converted into isocitrate. C) Succinate is converted into fumarate. D) Isocitrate is converted into α-ketoglutarate.

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Metabolism Which of the following is NOT a step of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle? A) Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA. B) Citrate is converted into isocitrate. C) Succinate is converted into fumarate. D) Isocitrate is converted into α-ketoglutarate.

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Metabolism What happens during the breakdown of pyruvate? A) Acetyl-CoA is produced to enter the Krebs cycle. B) ATP is released. C) NADH releases electrons to form NAD+. D) All of these.

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Metabolism What happens during the breakdown of pyruvate? A) Acetyl-CoA is produced to enter the Krebs cycle. B) ATP is released. C) NADH releases electrons to form NAD+. D) All of these.

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Metabolism Acetyl-CoA is the starting point of ___________. A) Glycolysis B) DNA synthesis C) Citric acid cycle D) Carbon Dioxide synthesis

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Metabolism Acetyl-CoA is the starting point of ___________. A) Glycolysis B) DNA synthesis C) Citric acid cycle D) Carbon Dioxide synthesis

19. Attribution Wikipedia. "citric acid cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citric%2520acid%2520cycleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citric%2520acid%2520cycle Wikipedia. "acetyl CoA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/acetyl%2520CoACC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/acetyl%2520CoA Wikipedia. "Cellular respiration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respirationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration Wikipedia. "The citric acid cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_citric_acid_cycleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_citric_acid_cycle Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Cell physiology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Cell_physiology#Krebs_CycleCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Cell_physiology#Krebs_Cycle Wiktionary. "glycolysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycolysisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycolysis Connexions. "Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/?collection=col11448/latestCC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Wikipedia. "acetyl CoA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/acetyl%20CoACC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/acetyl%20CoA Connexions. "Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/?collection=col11448/latestCC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44433/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Wikipedia. "citric acid cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citric%20acid%20cycleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citric%20acid%20cycle Wikipedia. "mitochondria." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mitochondriaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mitochondria Wiktionary. "Krebs cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Krebs+cycleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Krebs+cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Metabolism