2. THE BEAUTIFUL EARTH! (5.2, G.3, G.4) By: Monica Gapud

3. 5.2 The Greenhouse Effect Carbon is constantly recycled Carbon is constantly recycled PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Combustion of forestsCombustion of forests Cellular respCellular resp Fossil fuelsFossil fuels

4. The Carbon Cycle

5. The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 1. Sunlight enters atmosphere b/c gases are transparent to light 2. Sunlight reflects off Earth’s surface & back out 3. Some of light energy  heat energy & warms the Earth 4. Greenhouse gases retain some heat & trap it in the atmosphere 5. Earth’s natural g. house effect = atmosphere is warmer than space

6. What are the greenhouse gasses? Carbon Carbon Methane Methane Cattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, production & distrib. of natural gasCattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, production & distrib. of natural gas Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen Produced by human activities; burning fossil fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial processes (prod. of nitric acid)Produced by human activities; burning fossil fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial processes (prod. of nitric acid) Low concentration = prevents too much heat retention Low concentration = prevents too much heat retention

7. Effects of Global Warming…? Increase in photosynthetic rates Increase in photosynthetic rates Changes in climates, ecosystems Changes in climates, ecosystems Extinction of certain species Extinction of certain species Melting glaciers Melting glaciers Rise in sea level= flooding of coastal areas Rise in sea level= flooding of coastal areas

8. The Precautionary Principle An ethical theory which says that action should be taken to prevent harm even if there’s not sufficient data to prove that the activity will have severe negative consequences An ethical theory which says that action should be taken to prevent harm even if there’s not sufficient data to prove that the activity will have severe negative consequences

9. Draw the Carbon Cycle !

10. G.3 Impact of Humans of Ecosystems Biological diversity; Biological diversity; Richness - # of diff organisms in a part. areaRichness - # of diff organisms in a part. area Evenness – how the quantity of each diff. organism compares with the otherEvenness – how the quantity of each diff. organism compares with the other Simpson diversity index – measures the amount of diversity in a part. area Simpson diversity index – measures the amount of diversity in a part. area D = diversity indexD = diversity index N = total # of org. in eco.N = total # of org. in eco. n = # of individ. of each speciesn = # of individ. of each species Remember the equation?

11. Time to Calculate ! Did the forest of jungle have more diversity? Did the forest of jungle have more diversity? Forest: D=4.29Forest: D=4.29 Jungle: D=6.14Jungle: D=6.14 THE JUNGLE HAS MORE DIVERSITY because of its higher # of species THE JUNGLE HAS MORE DIVERSITY because of its higher # of species

12. Why Conserve Biodiversity? Economic Economic Ecological Ecological Ethical Ethical Aesthetic Aesthetic

13. Arguments Against Conservation Alien species disrupts communities and out- compete native species reducing biodiversity. Alien species disrupts communities and out- compete native species reducing biodiversity. Examples? Examples? KudzuKudzu Zebra MusselsZebra Mussels Prickly PearPrickly Pear

14. Impact of Alien Species Interspecific competition: out- competing other species Interspecific competition: out- competing other species Predation: eating another species Predation: eating another species Species extinction: out-compete  extinction of native species Species extinction: out-compete  extinction of native species

15. Biological control- idea of using a natural predator to control unwanted or invasive species Biological control- idea of using a natural predator to control unwanted or invasive species Purple loosestrifePurple loosestrife Red fire antsRed fire ants Biomagnification- process by which chemical substances become more concetrated at each trophic level Biomagnification- process by which chemical substances become more concetrated at each trophic level DDTDDT

16. Effects of UV Rays Non-lethal skin cancer Non-lethal skin cancer Lethal skin cancer Lethal skin cancer Mutation of DNA Mutation of DNA Sunburn Sunburn Cataracts Cataracts Reduced biological productivity Reduced biological productivity

17. Ozone layer Ozone layer “protective sunscreen for planet”“protective sunscreen for planet” Absorbs UV radiationAbsorbs UV radiation Formed in stratosphere when O2 breaks apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to form ozoneFormed in stratosphere when O2 breaks apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to form ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) Thinning of ozone layerThinning of ozone layer

18. G.4 Conservation of Biodiversity Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. change Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. change Lichens; sensitive to pollutionLichens; sensitive to pollution Macroinvertabrates; presence or absence can be used to judge water qualityMacroinvertabrates; presence or absence can be used to judge water quality Biotic index Biotic index

19. Nature Reserves Nature Reserves Determinations of sizeDeterminations of size Edge effectEdge effect CorridorsCorridors Management of Conserv. Areas Management of Conserv. Areas RestorationRestoration Recovery of threatened speciesRecovery of threatened species Removal of introduced speciesRemoval of introduced species Legal protection against development or pollutionLegal protection against development or pollution Funding & prioritizingFunding & prioritizing

20. In Situ Conservation Methods Placing endangered species in the situation where they belong Placing endangered species in the situation where they belong Goals? Goals? Protect species by maintaining habitatProtect species by maintaining habitat Defends target species from predatorsDefends target species from predators Removes invasive speciesRemoves invasive species Large area= maintain large pop.Large area= maintain large pop. Large pop= maintain genetic diversityLarge pop= maintain genetic diversity

21. Ex Situ Conservation Method Last resort Captive breeding Increase reprod. output to ensure survival of offspring Artificial insemination Embryo transfer Cryogenics Human raised young Keeping a pedigree HOWEVER, spread of disease & disadv. in wild Botanical gardens Seed banks