1. Scaling Trends for Deuteron Beam Properties at Plasma Focus Pinch Exit S H Saw 1,2 and S Lee 1,2,3 INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia Institute for Plasma Focus Studies, Chadstone, VIC 3148, Australia University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: sorheoh.saw@newinti.edu.my International Symposium on Plasma Focus in series SPFE2013 INTI International University Nilai Malaysia, 14 June 2013

2. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Summary Much work using variety of diagnostics reported on plasma focus ion beams, mainly experimental No benchmark or scaling patterns appears to have been reported. We adapted our beam-target neutron yield mechanism to carry out numerical experiments on deuteron beams from plasma focus Ion beam data are computed for a range of fitted machines 0.4-486 kJ Ion number fluence: 2.4-5.7 x 10 20 ions m -2 ; independent of E 0 Energy fluence : 2.2-10.6 x10 6 J m -2 ; independent of E 0 Typical inductance PF’s (33-55 nH) produce 1.2-2 x 10 15 ions per kJ carrying 1.3-4 % E 0 at mean ion energy 50-200 keV; higher L 0 giving lower number per kJ.

3. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Brief review of existing work Measurements of ion beams from PF’s have produced a wide variety of results using different units; Less correlated than expected Not giving any discernable pattern or benchmarks. In summarizing experimental results, Bernard el al 1 in 1996, it was reported that total yields of ions reach 10 10 -10 14 sr -1 depending on energetics and experimental conditions. In a single discharge fast ions are emitted from point-like (sub- mm) sources mostly as narrow micro-beams with duration times of 2-8 ns forming intense bunches having total powers reaching 10 11 to 10 12 W.

4. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Brief Review- Summary Many different experiments Many different machines Different gases Many types of diagnostics Many sets of data Data- some total (FC), some sampling (track detectors) ie not all ions recorded Different perspectives, different units: ( e.g. Bernard et al 1996, Kelly et al 1996, 1998, Takao et al 2003, Bhuyan et al 2005, 2011, Szydlowski et al 2004, Bostick et al 1993) number sr -1 ; bunch power in W; beam power brightness in GW cm -2 sr ; ion current densities in A cm -2 ; beam ion densities in m -3 ; tracks m -2 ; ions/sterad ; J/sterad ; total ion numbers; flux in m -2 s -1 ; ion fluence in (MeV.sr) -1 Correlation among experiments? Benchmarking? Scaling?

5. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Gribkov et al 2007 A more integrated approach. Examination of plasma conditions and energetics within the PF at the time of formation of the plasma diode mechanism 9 ; estimate for PF-1000 at 500 kJ: (a) Energy of the electron and ion beam= 20 kJ or 2.5% of E 0. They comment that these values are conservative when compared to the highest values of 10-20% reported at Kurchatov, Limeil Laboratory and Lebedev using different methods. (b) Assume cross-section of the ion bunch= pinch cross section (1 cm radius) and bunch length= 15 cm; thus bunch volume ~50 cm 3, they estimate average ion energy ~100 keV total number of beam ions ~ 6x10 17 ions and concentration of ions within bunch volume~ 10 16 cm -3.

6. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Gribkov et al 2007 Among published results, Gribkov et al stand out in their presentation Correlates the energetics of the ion beams to the energetics of the system Gives a sense of proportion of how the ion beams fit into the overall scheme of things within the PF discharge

7. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Our numerical experiments on Ion Beams The ion beam numerical experiments adds on as a branch to the integrated view which our numerical experiments strive to present of the plasma focus

8. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Philosophy, modelling, results & applications of the Lee Model code Philosophy

9. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Discussion Modelling : Ion beam fluence Post focus axial shock waves Plasma streams Anode sputtered material

10. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Summarise basic physical picture

11. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Plasma Focus Pinch with plasma stream (Paul Lee- INTI PF) Plasma Focus Pinch with plasma stream (Paul Lee- INTI PF)

12. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Emissions from the PF Pinch region Emissions from the PF Pinch region Mach500 Plasma stream Mach20 anode material jet

13. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Sequence of shadowgraphs of PF Pinch- ( M Shahid Rafique PhD Thesis NTU/NIE Singapore 2000) Highest post-pinch axial shock waves speed ~50cm/us M500 Highest pre-pinch radial speed>25cm/us M250

14. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Much later…Sequence of shadowgraphics of post-pinch copper jet [ S Lee et al J Fiz Mal 6, 33 (1985)]-10 kJ PF Slow Copper plasma jet 2cm/  s M20, 0.2 mg copper carrying 50J KE.

15. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Extracted from V A Gribkov presentation: IAEA Dec 2012- V N Pimenov 2008 Nukleonika 53: 111-121

16. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Flux out of Plasma Focus –Charged particle beams –Neutron emission when operating with D –Radiation including Bremsstrahlung, line radiation, SXR and HXR –Plasma stream –Anode sputtered material

17. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Basic Definition of Ion Beam characteristics Beam number fluence F ib (ions m -2 ) Beam energy fluence (J m -2 ) Flux =fluence x pulse duration Beam number flux F ib  defines (ions m -2 s -1 ) Beam energy flux defines (W m -2 )

18. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Equation for the beam ion fluence From earlier work in deriving beam-gas target neutron yield we obtain the deuteron ion fluence as follows: We denote: J b  as the beam ion fluence with units of (number of ions m -2 ). This is the ion fluence that is generated by the inductive plasma diode action. From equations (1) and (2) we write the ion fluence as: J b  C n I pinch 2 z p (lnb/r p )/(  r p 2 U 1/2 ) ions m -2 (3)

19. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Modelling the Fluence Ion beam number fluence is derived from beam-plasma target considerations as: F ib  = C n I pinch 2 z p [ln(b/r p )]/ (  r p 2 U 1/2 ) F ib  = C n I pinch 2 z p [ln(b/r p )]/ (  r p 2 U 1/2 ) ions m -2 C n =8.5x10 8 ; All SI units I pinch =pinch current z p =pinch length b=outer electrode, cathode radius r p =pinch radius U=beam energy in eV where in this model U=3 V max (max dynamic induced voltage) These focus properties are computed by our code so that for each shot we may determine the fluence

20. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy B2: Results: Ion beam properties at Pinch Exit Machine (P Torr) PF1000 3.5 Poseid 3.8 TAMU 12 DPF78 8 NX3 11 PF-6 0.5 Bora 7.6 INTI 3.5 NX2 10 Sofia* 4 PF5M 2 PF400 6.6 E 0 (kJ)48628112631.014.56.23.53.42.72.62.00.4 L 0 (nH)3318405550285411020803340 V 0 (kV)27603060172117151416 28 'a' (cm)11.506.605.104.002.6031.50.951.9011.500.60 c=b/a1.41.51.71.321.7 3.42.23.11.72.7 I peak (kA)184632051509961582406305180382198258129 I pinch (kA)862100074244434823719612222012716584 z p (cm)18.811.07.75.53.85.22.61.42.81.52.30.8 r p (cm)2.231.220.840.620.400.50.230.130.310.140.220.09 t (ns)254.983.077.541.036.528337.630.08.712.25.1 V max (kV)42976768.335411425222332.318

21. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Ion Fluence (x10 20 m -2 )3.97.07.83.25.71.95.73.63.43.62.42.6 Ion Flux (x10 27 m -2 s -1 )1.58.410.07.815.66.71746.711.54119.650.4 Mean ion en (keV)126292201205105124437565699754 En Fluence (x10 6 Jm -2 )7.833.02510.69.63.73.94.33.643.72.2 En Flux (x10 13 Wm -2 )3.139.03225.826.3131256.412.04630.643.2 Ion number (x10 14 )610033001700390280150911911022375.9 FIB Energy (J)122481527055401284479293632311124585 FIB Energy (%E 0 )2.55.44.44.13.34.71.80.74.10.92.11.3 IB Current (kA)380.0629.0355152.4125854540.056.74049.118.6 D Fr (x10 10 Wm -2 s 0.5 )1.611.09.05.25.02.2 4.92.14.33.43.1 Ion speed (cm/  s)347528438443317344203269250257305226 Ion Number/kJ (x10 14 )12.611.713.512.719.424265.640.18.518.115.1 Machine (P Torr)PF1000 3.5 Poseid 3.8 TAMU 12 DPF78 8 NX3 11 PF-6 0.5 Bora 7.6 INTI 3.5 NX2 10 Sofia* 4 PF5M 2 PF400 6.6

22. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Plasma Stream En (J)39120301521170039417002552182493692729217 P S En (%E 0 )8.110.79.31.312.04.16.27.414.010.64.5 PS speed (cm/  s)18.237.223.223.124.26129.447.420.14348.635.7 Machine (P Torr)PF1000 3.5 Poseid 3.8 TAMU 12 DPF78 8 NX3 11 PF-6 0.5 Bora 7.6 INTI 3.5 NX2 10 Sofia* 4 PF5M 2 PF400 6.6

23. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Updated Conclusions- Ion Beam Properties and Scaling Table 2: Summary of Range of Ion beam properties and suggested scaling PropertyUnits (multiplier)RangeSuggested Scaling FluenceIons m -2 ( x10 20 )2-8independent of E 0 Average ion energykeV40-300independent of E 0 Energy FluenceJ m -2 (x10 6 )2 - 33independent of E 0 Beam exit radiusfraction of radius 'a'0.14 - 0.19scales with 'a' Beam Ion numberIons per kJ ( x10 14 )12 - 40*scales with E 0 Beam energy% of E 0 1.3 – 5.4 + scales with E 0 Beam chargemC per kJ0.2 - 0.6 # scales with E 0 Beam durationns per cm of ‘a’8 – 22scales with ‘a’ Fluxions m -2 s -1 (x10 27 )1.5 – 50independent of E 0 Energy fluxW m -2 (x10 13 )3 – 56independent of E 0 Beam current% of I peak 14 – 23scales with I peak Damage Factor(x10 10 Wm -2 s 0.5 )1.6 – 11independent of E 0 *= 6 for INTI PF; 9 for Sofia PF + = 0.7 for INTI PF; 0.9 for Sofia PF # = 0.1 for INTI PF

24. School and Training Course on Dense Magnetized Plasma as a Source of Ionizing Radiations, their Diagnostics and Applications 8-12 October 2012, ICTP, Trieste, Italy Conclusion: Deuteron Beam Benchmarks: Mather PF Latest ion number fluence: 2-8 x 10 20 ions m -2 The number of beam ions: 12-40 x 10 14 beam ions per kJ for PF’s with typical static inductances L 0 of 33-55 nH. Total beam energy: 1%-5% E 0 for PF’s with L 0 of 20-55 nH. Beam current: 14-23 % of I peak. Beam energy fluence: 2-33x10 6 J m -2 Beam Energy Flux: 3-57x10 13 W m -2 The independence from E 0 of the ion beam fluence is likely related to the constancy of energy density (energy per unit mass) that is one of the key scaling parameters of the PF throughout its E 0 range of sub kJ to MJ 14,28.

25. Scaling Trends for Deuteron Beam Properties at Plasma Focus Pinch Exit S H Saw 1,2 and S Lee 1,2,3 INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia Institute for Plasma Focus Studies, Chadstone, VIC 3148, Australia University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia e-mail: sorheoh.saw@newinti.edu.my International Symposium on Plasma Focus in series SPFE 2013