1. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Ion Beams and Plasma Streams- some results from numerical experiments- Ion Beams and Plasma Streams- some results from numerical experiments- S Lee & S H Saw INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia Institute for Plasma Focus Studies, Chadstone VIC 3148 Australia e-email: leesing@optusnet.com.au; sorheoh.saw@newinti.edu.myleesing@optusnet.com.au sorheoh.saw@newinti.edu.my

2. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Scope of discussion Use of the Lee Model code to study scaling of deuteron beams for consideration of damage and materials, nano-materials modification and synthesis. Related scaling of Fast Plasma Stream and anode sputtered material

3. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Sequence of shadowgraphs of PF Pinch- M Shahid Rafique PhD Thesis NTU/NIE Singapore 2000 Highest post-pinch axial shock waves speed ~50cm/us M500 Highest pre-pinch radial speed>25cm/us M250

4. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Much later…Sequence of shadowgraphics of post-pinch copper jet S Lee et al J Fiz Mal 6, 33 (1985) Slow Copper plasma jet 2cm/us M20

5. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Plasma Focus Pinch Plasma Focus Pinch

6. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Emissions from the PF Pinch region Emissions from the PF Pinch region +Mach500 Plasma stream +Mach20 anode material jet

7. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Comparing large and small PF’s- Dimensions and lifetimes- putting shadowgraphs side-by-side, same scale Lifetime ~10ns order of ~100 ns Anode radius 1 cm 11.6 cm Pinch Radius: 1mm 12mm Pinch length: 8mm 90mm

8. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Flux out of Plasma Focus Charged particle beams Neutron emission when operating with D Radiation including Bremsstrahlung, line radiation, SXR and HXR Plasma stream Anode sputtered material

9. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Modelling the flux-reporting preliminary work Ion beam flux Preliminary work shows the quantity ion beam flux (F ib ions per m2 per sec) x pulse length (  sec) which has the units of number of ions per m 2 (per shot) is: F ib  = C n I pinch 2 z p [ln(b/r p )]/ (  r p 2 U 1/2 ) All SI units: calibration constant C n =8.5x10 8 ; model was calibrated against an experimental point at 0.5MA I pinch =pinch current z p =pinch length b=outer electrode, cathode r p =pinch radius U=beam energy in eV where in this model U=3x (dynamic induced voltage)

10. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Numerical Expt for PF1000 based on following fitted parameters: L 0 =33 nH, C 0 =1332 uF, b=16 cm, a= 11.6 cm, z 0 =60 cm r 0 =6.3 m  f m =0.14, f c =0.7, f mr =0.35, f cr =0.7 V 0 =27 kV, P 0 = 3.5 Torr MW=4, A=1, At=2 for deuterium Results are extracted from dataline after shot:  Y n =1.16x10 11 neutrons, n i =3.87x10 23 per m 2,  I pinch =8.63x10 5 A, z p =0.188 m, b/r p =16 cm/2.23 cm, ln(b/r p )=1.97,  U=3Vmax=3x4.21x10 4 =1.263x10 5 V; fusion x-section σ =0.0238barns = 2.38x10 -30 m 2.

11. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Numerical Expt for INTI PF based on following fitted parameters: L 0 =110 nH, C 0 =30 uF, b=3.2 cm, a= 0.95 cm, z 0 =16 cm r 0 =12 m  f m =0.073, f c =0.7, f mr =0.16, f cr =0.7 V 0 =15 kV, P 0 = 3Torr MW=4, A=1, At=2 for deuterium Results are extracted from dataline after shot: Y n =1.14x10 7 neutrons, n i =3.5x10 23 per m 2, I pinch =1.22x10 5 A, z p =0.014 m, b/r p =3.2cm/0.12 cm, ln(b/r p )=3.28; U=3Vmax=3x2.52x10 4 =0.756x10 5 V; fusion x-section σ =0.0112barns=1.12x10 -30 m 2.

12. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw From the above; estimate ions/m 2 per shot For PF1000 (at 500 kJ) we obtained J b  =4.3x10 20 ions/m 2 per shot =4.3x10 16 ions/cm 2 per shot at 126 keV (~1kJ/cm 2 ; 10 9 W/cm 2 if pulse of 1  s) For INTI PF (at 3 kJ) we obtained J b  = 4.7x10 20 ions/m 2 per shot =4.7x10 16 ions/cm 2 per shot at 76 keV Quantity J b  is the same for small and big PF

13. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Number of Ions in beam Taking pinch radius as effective area for beam For PF1000 r p =2.23 cm (model computation) Thus number of ions per pulse=6.7x10 17 at effective energy of 126 keV (14kJ 3% E 0 ) For INTI PF r p =0.12 cm (model computation) Thus number of ions per pulse=2.1x10 15 at effective energy of 76 keV Number of ions per pulse is 300 x higher for PF1000 compared to INTI PF(26J 1% E 0 )

14. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw We intend to refine these computation We have the neutron yield for each of the devices- numerical expts have been compared to actual measurements and found to agree-typically 10 11 per shot for PF1000 We will compute plasma stream energy by looking at the quantity EINP (work done by magnetic piston as % of stored energy) – typically 13% E 0 (65kJ) for PF1000; and 9% E 0 (270 J) for INTI PF These will be carried out in the next period.

15. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Latest development Modelling Ion beam fluence Post focus axial shock waves Plasma streams Anode sputtered material

16. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Ion beam post-pinch plasma stream calculations Some preliminary Results- INTI IU-IAEA collaboration Ion beam post-pinch plasma stream calculations Some preliminary Results- INTI IU-IAEA collaboration

17. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Ion Fluence as function of E 0 2-6x10 20 ions/m 2

18. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Average Ion Energy as function of E 0 50-300 keV Average Ion Energy as function of E 0 50-300 keV

19. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Beam duration as function of E 0

20. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Beam Duration as function of Anode radius

21. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Beam Energy as function of E 0 ~3%

22. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw FIB Damage Factor ~ 1-5x10 10 Wm -2 s 0.5ti

23. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Fast Plasma Stream Energy exiting pinch ~ 5-10%

24. Seminar on Plasma Focus Experiments 2012,(SPFE2012), 12 th July 2012 S H Saw Concluding Summary The ion fluence, 2-6x10 20 ions/m 2 average ion energy 40-250 keV and beam damage factor 2x10 10 Wm -2 s 0.5 are found to be independent of storage energy being relatively constant over the range of devices, from kJ to MJ. The beam size (on exit) and duration increase with storage energy, primarily as a function of anode radius. The beam energy increases with storage energy 1-3% ; as does the fast plasma stream energy exiting the pinch 5-10%. Anode sputtered materials, slow jet typically 1-3%.