1. Texas Independence and the War with Mexico

2. Roots of Texas Independence Mexican gained their independence from Spain in 1821… Security Concerns –Comanche and Apache raids. –Horse thieves. Empresarios –Land grant agents Offered land to farmers, mostly from the U.S. –Stephen F. Austin At its height, 1,000 Americans were immigrating to Texas every month. Trade –Restrictions lifted to encourage trade with USA.

3. Heightened Differences As more and more American settlers moved in, the majority of them spoke only English, not Spanish. The majority were Protestant, not Catholic. Furthermore, they brought slaves with them, even after Mexico clearly outlawed slavery in 1829. 1830 –Mexico sealed its borders against further American immigration from the USA. –Mexico passed large tariff on the importation of American goods. 1833-35 Texas asks for greater self government. –Denied, Stephen F. Austin jailed.

4. The War for Texas In 1836, Austin returned to Texas determined the war would be his only recourse… –Texans rebel Santa Anna’s troops push northward to crush revolt. –Alamo Texan troops attempt to cut Santa Anna’s troops off before San Antonio. –Wiped out = 1500 massacred. –San Jacinto “Remember the Alamo!” Huge victory for Texans Santa Anna captured. –Signs Treaty of Velasco at gun-point giving Texas independence

5. The Annexation of Texas Sam Houston –Elected first president of Texas, 1836. –Asks U.S. to become state. Denied until 1845, when James K. Polk, a Southerner, is president. Mexican-American War –Breaks out in 1846 Coincidence?

6. Disputed Land Claims in Texas Nueces River Rio Grande

7. Starting the War 1845-46 –Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to offer $25 million to buy California and New Mexico Mexican leader refused to receive him. –Polk sends Gen. Zachary Taylor to blockade Rio Grande. Also sends John C. Fremont and exploratory party to California. –Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande, engaged US troops. Polk – “American blood has been shed on American soil!” –Congress declares war.

8. California and New Mexico New Mexico –Polk ordered Stephen Kearny to march his army west to Santa Fe. Greeted by pro- American sentiment. New Mexico fell without a single shot. California –Fremont marched south to Sonoma –Declared “Bear Flag Republic” –US forces controlled California.

9. In Mexico General Winfield Scott invades Mexico. –One victory after another. –Captured Mexico City in 1847.

10. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo USA gets half of Mexico! (USA pays $15 million) Border of Southern Texas = Rio Grande River. Continental USA completed with Gasden Purchase (1853) $10 million