1. 6.2 The Blood System The blood system continuously transports substances to cells and simultaneously collects waste products

2. Theories are regarded as uncertain—William Harvey overturned theories developed by the ancient Greek philosopher Galen on movement of blood in the body William Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood with the heart acting as the pump. William Harvey

3. How does blood flow through the heart? http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper _heart1.html http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper _heart1.html

4. Recognition of the chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in dissected hearts or in diagrams of heart structure.

5. There is a separate circulation for the lungs.

6. Recognition of the chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in dissected hearts or in diagrams of heart structure.

7. Systemic circulation also includes circulation to the heart through coronary arteries.

8. Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. How do arteries become occluded (to stop or close-up)? 1.LDL’s containing fats and cholesterol accumulate in an artery wall. 2.Phagocytes are attracted to the area. 3.Fats and cholesterol are engulfed and become very large. 4.Smooth muscle cells form a cap over this. 5.Artery wall bulges narrowing the lumen. 6.Blood flow is impeded. 7.Tissues can’t receive O 2 and nutrients.

9. Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. What if this happens in the coronary arteries? Lack of oxygen causes pain in the heart, known as angina. This impairs the muscles ability to contract. The heart beats faster as it tried to maintain function with some of its muscles out of action. Factors are associated with a higher risk but are not the sole cause. High concentrations of LDL High blood glucose concentrations High blood pressure due to smoking or stress Consumptions of trans fats

10. Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries. Factors are associated with a higher risk but are not the sole cause. High concentrations of LDL High blood glucose concentrations High blood pressure due to smoking or stress Consumptions of trans fats

11. Pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle. Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body.

12. Identification of blood vessels as arteries, capillaries or veins from the structure of their walls. Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibers in their walls. The muscle and elastic fibers assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles. Blood flows through tissues in capillaries. Capillaries have permeable walls that allow exchange of materials between cells in the tissue and the blood in the capillary. Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow.

13. The heart beat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker. The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles.

14. The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain. Epinephrine increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity.