1. INTERTANKO International Association of Independent Tanker Owners Safe Transport, Cleaner Seas, Free Competition The Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Crude Oil Tankers The VOCON Project

2. The VOCON Project The Objectives Using the data already available from the CRUCOGSA project, compare and contrast the Vapour Pressure developed from cargoes at differing loaded conditions. Monitor the pressure drops during vapour releases in order to develop methods to limit VOC emissions. Monitor the concentration of VOC displaced during defined stages of loading.

3. The VOCON Project The Scope of Data Collection Cargo quantification at load and discharge ports Cargo Temperatures daily during voyage Environmental Data every four hours during voyage VOC pressure release data for each vapour release VOC concentration during loading

4. The VOCON Project Cargo Operations creating VOC Emissions During Transportation Vapour Releases due to Volatility and Cargo temperature Inert Gas Pressure Variations Loading - displacement of VOC from: Previous Cargo Incoming Cargo

5. The VOCON Project The Reason for VOC Emissions EQUILIBRIUM of PRESSURE –Equilibrium between the Cargo Vapour Pressure and the Maximum Operating Pressure of the Hull Construction (P/V Valve) – IF Cargo Vapour Pressure Greater then Release follows until EQUILIBRIUM is achieved.

6. VOCON Project Is this the Source of the Problem? – NO!

7. The VOCON Project Measures for VOC Emission Reduction Better Stabilisation (Reduction of Vapour Pressure) of Cargo for shipment Operational Measures for VOC Emission control Technical and Design Solutions for VOC Emission Control and Recovery

8. The VOCON Project Crude Oil Stabilisation With a Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) above 6 psia some degree of vapour release seems most likely to occur

9. The VOCON Project Operational Measures (1) The Problem –A P/V valve will be opened at a defined pressure but at what pressure should it be closed? If the closing pressure can be determined then unnecessary VOC release can be avoided. The Physics of Gas and Vapours –If the Saturated Vapour Pressure for the prevailing cargo temperature is known then the valve should be closed at this Pressure.

10. The VOCON Project Operational Measures (2)

11. The VOCON Project Operational Measures (3) Total release time for voyage Total volume (gas) released 4hrs 56 mins 233906 m3

12. The VOCON Project An Operational Solution (1) Is there a need to release below the True Vapour Pressure of the Cargo at its prevailing liquid temperature? P/V Valve Release

13. The VOCON Project An Operational Solution (2) The True Vapour Pressure is recognised when the pressure decline becomes linear Mast Riser Releases

14. The VOCON Project An Operational Solution (3) The VOCON Valve Controlled closing pressure by hydraulics from cargo control room Now used also for VOC control during loadings

15. The VOCON Project An Operational Solution (4) Simply operated equipment that can measure prevailing TVP per ASTM Test Method Cost Approx: Euro 16,500

16. The VOCON Project Loading Emissions (1)

17. The VOCON Project Loading Emissions (2)

18. The VOCON Project Loading Emissions (3)

19. Loading VOC Emissions Two differing Philosophies developed: –Re-capture after VOC evolves –Prevent VOC evolving Re-capture System – Absorption or compress gases for deck storage and discharge. Prevent VOC evolving – KVOC System

20. VOC being Controlled Proactively by Industry Thank you for your Attention Questions?