1. Industry and Innovation

2. Innovation Innovation leads to more innovation. In other words the invention or creation of one idea creates and leads to the invention or creation of many other things. Example: The need to move goods faster first led to boats moving large goods, but since boats can’t go inland, railroads were developed. Pre-AP: Come up with your own example of something that was invented and led to the invention or demand for something else.

3. Railroads Building of railroads solved many transportation problems in Texas and the USA. Railroads were much faster than wagons and far more reliable. Railroads allowed raw materials in Texas to be sent to markets in the Northern USA and to ports where they could be sent to Europe.

4. Railroads The invention of the refrigerated railroad car allowed beef to be shipped to far away places without spoiling.

5. Industries in Texas Texas industries included: –Lumber –Cottonseed Oil –Flour and grist milling (baking bread) –Meatpacking –Oil (later on in the twentieth century)

6. Lumber Industry Lumber used for railroad ties, fuel in early trains and buildings. John Henry Kirby – Kirby Lumber Company owner. Largest lumber company in the state of Texas in the late 1800’s. Company Towns – place where company employees lived, worked, shopped etc. If you lived in a company town you were given a SCRIP to the company store, not money. A SCRIP could only be used at the company store.

7. A big switch When railroads stopped burning wood for fuel they switched to coal. This led to the explosion of the coal industry in Texas. Coal was found using the technique known as strip mining; a method of mining that strips away layers of earth and rock.

8. Modern Cities Beginnings Some of the largest cities in Texas got their beginnings during this time: –Fort Worth and Waco due to the cattle industry. –Dallas and Houston due to the railroad industry.

9. Typical Industrial Workers Most workers were male Twice as many children worked in industry as did women. Average Wage: $225 per year!!! (about $1 per day) Work week: Monday – Saturday (12 hours each day)

10. Poor working conditions lead to change!! Unsafe working conditions led to the formation of unions, or groups of people who work to gain better working conditions and pay. Some went on strike (stopped working) to protest these awful conditions. Most minorities were not allowed to join labor unions and were often treated worse and paid less (discrimination).