1. UWHS Oceanography: Focus on Washington Waters Lynne Buechler

2. Earth not quite a sphere  creates a slight equatorial bulge Polar radius=6365 km Equatorial radius=6387 km Difference is 22 km or 13 mi! http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/dynamicearth/in ternal/shape.htm

3. Distribution of continental mass at mid latitude in the N. Hemisphere Slight depression w/ an elevation at the N. Pole Antarctica centered on the S. Pole in the S. Hemisphere Inflated bottom half This “pear” shape is actually a small effect and the Earth is fairly spherical http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2002-217 http://www.lead.org.au/bblp/Climate_Change/sld002.htm

4. Ocean Planet Oceans cover 140 million mi 2 of earth’s surface 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water Total volume=1.35 billion km 3

5. Physiographic Maps Graphic representations of major features

6. Bathymetric Charts Accurately reflect the topography of the ocean floor by providing contour intervals of constant depth http://frank.mtsu.edu/~cdharris/honors/island-maps/Sigsbee-Plain.htm oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

7. Navigational Charts Type of navigational chart with more navigational aids: Signals> lighthouses, buoys Landmarks Dangers> rocks, underwater cables, kelp beds, etc. Bottom Characteristics> Rocks, sediment type, etc. http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-nautical-navigation-chart- tools-image11097000

8. Datum= the “zero” level to which elevation and depth are referenced or sea level usually. Sea level fluctuates with tidal movement Depth to seafloor= MLLW or “mean lower low water” a tidal descriptive term is used Land elevation=MHW or “mean high water” is used

9. W E Equator N S

10. Where is the approximate latitude of Covington? 122° 6' 49" W “Parallels” 1⁰ Lat.=111.32 km=60 Nautical Miles Longitude? To the nearest second? 47⁰ 20’53”=47 degrees, 20hours, 53 minutes

11. Sound? Fjord? Estuary? Sound: complex of inland waterways Fjord: system of flooded glacial valleys Estuary: semi-enclosed coastal (salty water) body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it

12. Mikelle Nuelle, professor of Oceanography UW Richard Strickland, Professor of Oceanography UW Sverdrup & Armbrust, Introduction to the World’s Ocean’s Ch 2