1. Chapter 31 – Section 1
Post War Uncertainty

2. Post War Uncertainty
The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity and new ideas.

3. A New Revolution in Science
Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity:
Albert Einstein: offered radically new ideas in field of physics
Theory of relativity: idea that space and time are not constant
New ideas made world seem more uncertain than before

4. A New Revolution in Science
Influence of Freudian Psychology:
Sigmund Freud: Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind
Claims that human behavior is not based on reason

5. Literature in the 1920s Impact of the War:
Suffering caused by WWI leads many to doubt old beliefs
Thinkers React to Uncertainties:
Philosophy of Existentialism: Searching for the meaning to life’s questions
Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values.

6. Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre
Belief that there is no universal meaning to life. Perople create their own mean in life through their choices and actions;
Friedrich Nietzsche, German Philosopher, was influenced by Existentialism;
Western ideas like reason, democracy, and progress stifled creativity. He urged return to ancient heroic values – pride, assertiveness, and strength;

7. Twentieth-Century Literature
20th century authors began to write from the point to view of a single, confused
individual or multiple individuals instead of the “all knowing” style of writers of
the 19th century.
Oswald Spengler
Marcel Proust
Franz Kafka
T.S. Eliot
Virginia Woolf
James Joyce
George Orwell
William Faulkner

8. Twentieth Century Literature
How does each piece reflect the “uncertainty of modern thought?”
T.S. Eliot
Virginia Woolf
Oswald Spengler
James Joyce

9. Literature in the 1920s
Czech-born author, Franz Kafka, The Trial, (1925), The Castle, (1926) – people caught in threatening situations they cannot understand nor escape;
James Joyce, Irish author, stream of consciousness novel, Ulysses (1922);

10. Revolution in the Arts Artists Rebel Against Tradition:
Artists want to depict inner world of mind
Cubism transforms natural shapes into geometric forms
Surrealism = Art movement that links dreams with real life
Composers Try New Styles:
Composers move away from traditional styles
Jazz = musical style that captures age’s new freedom

12. Cubism
1900’s – 1920’s
Goals:
To devalue previous art movements through a dramatic change
To separate their art from the conventional understanding of perspective
Picasso and Braque worked next to each other in the same studio during their cubist period with almost identical styles
One of the most influential art movements of 20th century
Along with this, viewpoint is important throughout all the different types of Cubism
Abstract

13. Cubism Transformed natural shapes into geometric forms;
Objects broken down into differnet parts with sharp angles and edges;
Creator of Cubism; Pablo Picasso, Spanish Painter, Guernica; and
Georges Braque, French painter, The Violin and the Candlestick;

14. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Considered greatest artist of 20th century
Created more than 20,000 pieces of art
Three phases of his career:
Blue Period
Rose Period
Protocubism
Some of his paintings take on a surrealist quality
Left, Three Musicians, Pablo Picasso (1921)
Born in Spain child prodigy
All three phases of his career occurred before he changed to cubism

15. Pablo Picasso’s Self-Portraits
Left, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1899) (age 18)
Middle, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1907) (age 26)
Right, Self-Portrait, Pablo Picasso (1972) (age 91)
Shows transformation of styles

16. Picasso Middle, Les Demoiselles de Avignon, Pablo Picasso (1907)
Women in a brothel
"first exorcism painting“
Picasso placing attention on the fear of sexual disease which was spreading through Paris
Not traditional in composition - break away
Picasso

17. Picasso and War ( )
Guernica depicts the massacre after German planes bombed the city and 1,600 civilians on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War
Used symbolism and the monochromatic colors to represent the desolation after the tragedy
Bottom, Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937)
The Spanish general Francisco Franco allowed the Nazis to bomb the city in return for military aid
16 miles surrounding the entire city were destroyed
Picasso declared that he wanted this work to return to Spain when the tyrant Franco was out of power, as it did in the 1970s after Franco died
The Museum of Modern Art, grudgingly returned one of it’s most famous paintings to Spain as a result of Picasso’s will

18. Surrealism
1920’s – 1950’s

19. Surrealism
Surreal – means “beyond or above reality” Used unconscious part of their minds – had an eerie, dreamlike quality to depict objects in unrealistic ways;
Movement that tried to link the world of dreams with real life – inspired by Freud’s ideas.
Salvador Dali, Spanish painter, “The Persistence of Memory,” (1931);

21. 10..

22. “The Persistence of Memory”
Salvador Dalí ( )
“The Persistence of Memory”
Middle, The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali (1931)

23. Salvador Dalí ( )
Middle, Sacrament of the Last Supper, Salvador Dali (1955)
Participated in The International Surrealist Exhibition and gave a speech in a scuba suit

24. Rene Magritte ( )
Upper Left, The False Mirror, Rene Magritte (1928)
Lower Left, Betrayal of Images, Rene Magritte ( )
Translation: “This Is Not A Pipe”
Right, The Son of Man, Rene Magritte (1964)

25. Music Classical Movement away from traditional styles;
Russian Composer - Igor Stravinsky, “The Rite of Spring,”—irregular rhythms and dissonances; harsh combinations of sound;
Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg – rejected traditional harmonies and musical scales;

26. Jazz
Emerged from the United States, from most African American artists in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago.
Lively, loose beat captured the new freedom of the age;

27. Jazz

28. New Orleans Jazz

29. Society Challenges Convention
Women’s Roles Change
Women take on new roles during WWI
This work helps many win the right to vote
In 1920: Women adopt freer clothing and hairstyle
Some women seek new careers

30. Society Challenges Convention
Change in Women’s Roles
Women worked in men’s jobs and in war effort, and wanted the right to vote;
Many countries granted women’s suffrage into law such as the US, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria.
Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles; shorter looser garments and short “bobbed” hair;

31. Women’s Changes in Fashion

32. Women’s Roles Change
Women wore make up, drove cars, drank and smoked in public;
Most women followed traditional paths of marriage and family;
Women began to seek careers in medicine, education, journalism, and clerical fields;

33. Technological Advances Improve Life
The Automobile Alters Society:
Cars improve and become less expensive after the war
Increased auto use changes people’s lives
Airplanes Transform Travel:
Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across the Atlantic

34. Technological Advances Improve Life
Automobiles – after war were more affordable; people traveled for pleasure;
People moved to suburbs and commuted to work in cities;
Airplanes transform travel; International air travel;
Charles Lindbergh – 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris – Spirit of St. Louis;
Passenger airlines established during 1920s.
Amelia Earhart, American – in 1932 was first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic;

35. Aviation Advances

36. Technological Advances Improve Life
Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment
1920s: Commercial radio stations spread across the U.S.
Motion pictures become major industry
Seen as an art form

37. Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment
Guglielmo Marconi – first successful experiments with radio in 1895;
Radio developed mostly through World War I;
By 1920 the first commercial radio station --- KDKA in Pittsburgh was broadcasting;
Radio swept the nation and soon every major city had stations broadcasting news, plays and live sporting events;
Soon most families would own a radio;

38. Radios

39. Hollywood
Motion pictures began with Nickelodeons in working-class, immigrant neighborhoods;
Movie makers were charged with corrupting the youth, movie makers tried to make their movies more respectable.
Movie makers had to find a way to make their product more in line with the dominant culture of a more conservative middle class society. They did that and in doing that they would broaden the appeal and removing the movies;

40. Hollywood

41. Hollywood “Big Eight Movie Companies”
Paramount studies was the first of the studios at this time.
The “Big Eight”
Paramount
Fox
MGM
Universal
Warner Brothers
Columbia
United Artists
RKO

42. Movies
Entertainment – Birth of a Nation
The Great Dictator