2. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy Addendum 16A: Behavioral Economics Addendum 16B: Schedules and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

3. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

4. Multiple and Mixed Schedules Two schedules alternate: Multiple: A different stimulus accompanies each one Mixed: They both operate in the presence of the same stimulus

5. ๏ Two pigeon keys: ๏ The schedule key, on which pecks may produce food ๏ The observing key, on which pecks do not produce food but may change whether relevant stimuli are available on the schedule key

10. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

45. A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE: Both the Limulus studies and the pigeon experiments use single subject designs. Our experimental methods have more in common with the methods of biology than with those of psychology.

49. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

50. Chained and Tandem Schedules A sequence of schedules must be completed (e.g., completing components A and B and C in that order produces a reinforcer): Chained: A different stimulus accompanies each component Tandem: Each component operates in the presence of the same stimulus

51. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

53. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

55. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

57. Chapter 16: Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

59. The initial links in concurrent chains are like doors, and the terminal links are like what’s behind them The pigeon’s pecks on the left key are like knocking on the left door and those on the right key are like knocking on the right door We judge which room the pigeon prefers on the basis of which door it knocks on (pecks) more often

60. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

64. Schedule Combinations: Behavior Synthesis Multiple and Mixed Schedules: Observing Responses Multiple Schedules: Inhibitory Interactions Inhibition and Contrast in Sensory Systems Chained, Tandem and Second ‑ Order Schedules Extended Chains: Attenuating Behavior Brief Stimuli: Amplifying Behavior Concurrent Schedules: Matching and Maximizing Concurrent ‑ Chain Schedules: Preference Self Control Behavior Synthesis: Natural Foraging Schedule Combinations: A Taxonomy

67. Part of the history of behavioral contrast probably depended on the more common early use of multiple rather than concurrent schedules in the study of schedule interactions The reduction of one response by reinforcement of another that was occurring at different times seemed too much like action over a temporal distance It was easier to see that an increase in reinforcement of one response was reducing the rate of another when both were available at the same time, in concurrent schedules

68. Notice, by the way, that the dynamics at the input end within sensory systems (e.g., as in adaptation) differ from those at the output end (e.g., as in edge effects and contrast). Analogous distinctions may be relevant to behavior. Relevance to relations among reinforcement, relative rates, and resistance to change

69. Some visual phenomena depend on the direct effects of the stimulation of visual receptors, as in dark adaptation; others arise at the level of interactions among the outputs of those receptors, as in contrast effects Perhaps analogous differences in effects at different levels also occur within operant systems, where reinforcement is stimulation and the stimulated classes may be modified by interactions Perhaps resistance to change, as a direct effect of reinforcers, is analogous to the former, whereas schedule interactions, as in behavioral contrast (or, preferably, the inhibiting effects of reinforcement) are analogous to the latter

70. Conclusion: Rate increases produced by extinction of other responses are evidence that the reinforcement of one response inhibits the rate of other responses. Extinction is the absence of excitation. It is not an inhibitory process that excites other responses Elicited effects of extinction arise not from the termination of response-reinforcer contingencies but rather from the removal of reinforcers The proper baseline for schedule interactions is a response class reinforced all by itself. Schedule interactions are reductions relative to that baseline And finally, these interactions are analogous to those within other biological systems