1. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions LIS 386.13 Information Technologies and the Information Professions Overview of Information Storage and Retrieval, Part 1 R. E. Wyllys Copyright © 2000 by R. E. Wyllys Last revised 2002 Sep 10

2. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Lesson Objectives You will gain an understanding of –The principles and tools used for organizing information, both in libraries and in other collections of information- containing materials –The historical development of these principles and tools

3. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Early Beginnings Hammurabi, who ruled Babylon during 1792-1750 BCE, is reputed to have built an archive containing records of his reign. Similar claims have been made for Nebuchadrezzar, who ruled Babylon over a thousand years later, during 605- 561 BCE.

4. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Early Beginnings By far the greatest ancient collection of records was that of the Library of Alexandria. –Modeled after an earlier library in Athens (of which little is known), the Alexandrian Library was founded around 300 BCE. Its most notable head was Eratosthenes (276-194 BCE) (who is also famous for having performed the first reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of the earth).Eratosthenes –Housing primarily scrolls, the Alexandrian Library flourished for nearly 7 centuries, till its final destruction in 391 CE. The primary method of organization of the scrolls is believed to have been by kinds of writers (historians, lawmakers, philosophers, poets, etc.), subdivided by literary forms and other topics. Further suborganization was probably by size, in various storage containers. Separate lists are believed to have been kept of the contents of storage containers and the rooms in which the containers were located.

5. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Early Beginnings During the Middle Ages in Europe (c. 500- 1400), scrolls, codex books, and other records were kept in Christian monasteries and nunneries throughout Europe, and in Islamic universities in Spain, North Africa, and the Near East. –Developed in the 4th century CE, the codex is the type of book we know today: viz., a stack of sheets of paper or parchment bound along one edge by thread and/or glue, usually with covers of leather and/or cardboard.

6. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Early Beginnings Books in medieval collections were usually organized by broad subject categories and by author or other source. –Books were often chained to the bookcase or alcove in which they were stored. Why chains? Because when books existed only in handwritten copies, each individual physical volume was extremely valuable and, hence, a potential target for thieves. –The chain was attached to the spine of the book, and the book was placed on its shelf with its spine, and chain, to the back. Thus there was no indication on the visible edge of the book as to the book's identity. –Separate lists were kept that displayed the names of the books in the order of their placement on the shelves and the bookcases or alcoves.

7. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings After Johann Gutenberg (c. 1400 - c. 1468) brought movable-type printing to Europe (c. 1440), multiple copies of books became commonplace.Johann Gutenberg –Note: One of the 5 extant copies of Gutenberg's printing of the Bible is in the collection of the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin.Gutenberg's printing of the BibleHarry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin The advent of printing in Europe brought about a remarkable culture shock, rivaled only by that of the Internet in our day. –It is estimated that as of 1440 at most 1 million manuscripts and books existed in all of the western world. –It is further estimated that by 1500 (i.e., within 50-60 years after Gutenberg's introduction of printing), over 50 million physical volumes had been printed in Europe. –Before Gutenberg's work, only the wealthiest people could own even one or two books. After printing arrived, middle- class people could afford books.

8. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings Nevertheless, even after printing came to the Western World, the organizing of books in collections posed few problems –Institutions continued the kind of shelf organization that had been practice prior to printing: viz., grouping by broad subject and author, with separate shelflists providing access to the physical volumes. –Individuals usually owned only such a small number of books that organizing them was not seen as a problem.

9. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings Before the 20th century, only a very few wealthy people owned numbers of books that would seem impressive today. Such people were quite exceptional. –Thomas Jefferson's personal library at Monticello was considered the largest private collection ever amassed in the United States up till his time. –From his library Jefferson sold about 6,500 books (the bulk of his collection) to re-establish the Library of Congress after the LC was badly burned in 1814 as part of the War of 1812. –In his library Jefferson organized his books into three broad categories: Memory (history), Reason (philosophy), and Imagination (fine arts). Within each category, he arranged the books mainly by the author's name.

10. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings A better understanding of the impressive size (impressive both for his time and for ours) of Thomas Jefferson's personal library can be gained by considering the sizes of the collections of some major U.S. academic libraries in 1831, as shown on the following slide.

11. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings Sizes of the Collections* of Major U.S. Academic Libraries in 1831 Harvard39,605Rutgers6,500 Brown38,800Amherst5,980 Yale25,500Univ. of North Carolina4,800 Dartmouth11,500Columbia4,580 Princeton8,000Williams4,019 Univ. of Virginia8,000Univ. of Pennsylvania2,000 Georgetown7,000Wesleyan1,500 *From: Rider, Fremont. The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library. New York, NY: Hadham; 1944.

12. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings The collections of the foregoing academic libraries and other large (for their time) libraries prior to the last quarter of the 19th century were typically arranged by locally established subject categories and, within a category, by author –Academic library subject categories usually reflected the academic departments within each college or university

13. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Modern Beginnings Significant changes in the organization of U.S. libraries were introduced in the last quarter of the 19th century, through the development and rapid promulgation of two new major subject classification systems: –Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), 1873-76 –Library of Congress Classification System (LCCS) 1891-93

14. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Dewey Decimal Classification In 1873 Melvil Dewey (1851-1931) applied his newly developed Dewey Decimal Classification to the library of Amherst College, of which he was the directorMelvil Dewey –Dewey based his DDC in part on a subject classification system invented by W. T. Harris at the St. Louis Mercantile Library –Dewey published the DDC in 1876, the year in which he also founded the American Library Association (ALA)

15. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Dewey Decimal Classification The DDC divides all knowledge into 10 classes, each of which is divided into 10 subclasses, each of which is divided into 10 subsubclasses, etc. The major classes are: –000-099 General Works –100-199 Philosophy and Psychology –200-299 Religion –300-399 Social Sciences –400-499 Language –500-599 Natural Sciences and Mathematics –600-699 Technology –700-799 The Arts –800-899 Literature and Rhetoric –900-999 History, Biography, and Geography

16. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Library of Congress Classification The Library of Congress Classification System was developed at the Library of Congress (LC) by Charles Cutter (1837-1903) in 1891-93 and further refined by Herbert Putnam (1861-1955) after he became the Librarian of Congress in 1899 (from which post he retired in 1939).Charles Cutter Herbert Putnam –Unlike Dewey's philosophically oriented effort to encompass all knowledge for all time in the DDC, Cutter's approach to classification was empirically oriented. –Cutter based the LCCS on the actual collection of the LC as it existed in the early 1890s.

17. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Library of Congress Classification A General works B Philosophy, psychology, religion C History, auxiliary science D History (Old World) E American history F History by region G Geography, anthropology, sports H Social sciences J Political science K Law L Education M Music N Fine arts P Language & literature Q Science R Medicine S Agriculture T Technology U-V Military & naval science Z Bibliography, library science The principal categories in the LCCS are

18. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Library of Congress Classification Within the broad single-letter categories of the LCCS, further subdivisions are indicated by letters and numbers, again determined empirically (rather than by a rigid pattern of subdivision as in the DDC). Some examples of the LCCS classifications of books in the UT-Austin General Libraries: –DS 486: C. Stephen's book on the archaeology of Delhi, India –GZ 972.015: a collection of essays on the Maya –KB 76: L. N. Brown's book on French administrative law –KWX 465: C. C. Joyner's book on U.S. activities in Antarctica –Q 130: S. A. Ambrose's book on women in science and engineering –QA 303: R. Courant's book on differential and integral calculus –Z 674: F. L. Miksa's biography of Charles A. Cutter –Z 696: F. L. Miksa's book on the DDC

19. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Colon Classification It should be noted that other classification schemes have been developed that avoid some of the limitations of the DDC and LC systems. –Some variants of the Universal Decimal Classification (which is essentially the DDC adapted for European use) employ combinations of class numbers.Universal Decimal Classification –A notable and different approach to classification is that developed by Shiyali R. Ranganathan (1892-1972). It is known as Colon Classification because of its use of the colon symbol, ":", as a tool in displaying its strings of classification characters. Colon classification can be said to incorporate within the classification itself some of what the DDC and LC employ subject headings to achieve.Shiyali R. Ranganathan Colon Classification

20. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions What Is the Purpose of Classifying InBEs in a Collection? The DDC and LC classification schemes were developed with the goal of serving general-purpose library collections, especially, public libraries. –Which of them should be used in a particular collection? –The best answer may well be, "Neither." A particular collection should be classified, i.e., organized, according to the needs of its users. –For example, the needs of the general public for medical information, say, probably differ from those of health-sciences professionals. A professional collection in a hospital would undoubtedly serve better if organized according to the needs of that hospital's staff than if organized according to the DDC.

21. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions What Is the Purpose of Classifying InBEs in a Collection? I have actually heard professional librarians apologize to me, as a library-school faculty member, because the items in their special-purpose libraries were not organized according to the DDC or the LC. My response is invariably to congratulate them for having had the wisdom to develop classification schemes that served their users rather than blindly adopting a scheme developed for a different kind of user group. –I have sometimes pointed out to them that they must have forgotten what surely they were told in library school about organizing materials to serve the users of those materials.

22. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries In libraries, books have traditionally been organized so as to serve three main purposes: –To provide groupings of books by subjects defined broadly in some cases and narrowly in others –To arrange books having closely related subjects in an order (e.g., alphabetical by author) that enables a user to find a particular book readily –To facilitate browsing by users within subject groupings Note: Browsing along the bookshelves has become important only since the opening of stacks to library users. Before the 20th century, most libraries restricted access to the stacks only to library staff members (which is still the practice in a few libraries)

23. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries In most libraries, the three traditional main purposes sometimes conflict with other needs. –Some books (e.g., oversize books) must be arranged on special shelves that accommodate their height rather than adjacent to other books on the same subject –Some information-bearing entities (InBEs) must be stored according to the needs of their format (e.g., microfiche) rather than adjacent to InBEs on the same subject but in other formats

24. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries The traditional three main purposes can sometimes conflict with each other. For example, books on –The theory of statistics are usually classed in QA 276 –Applications of statistics in business are often classed in HA 76 –Applications of statistics in demography are often classed in HQ 766 –Applications of statistics in lawsuits are often classed in KF 320 –Applications of statistics in epidemiology are often classed in RA 644 Obviously, a user wishing to compare statistical theory with its applications will not necessarily find pertinent books close to each other in a library.

25. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries In the late 1960s, Ohio State University (OSU) launched an interesting experiment in its medical library: –A new building was constructed with closed stacks (i.e., no direct user access) in which books were stored in plastic trays on special shelves designed to hold the trays –Books were placed in the trays by hand but strictly in order of accession (when first added to the collection) or in order of return after use by a user –Barcode labels on the books and the trays were scanned into a computer, so that at any given time every book in the collection was known to be physically in a particular tray (though in different trays at different times)

26. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries –Computer-controlled industrial handling equipment conveyed the trays between the circulation desk and the shelf area –A tray entering the shelf area was placed in the first available slot on a shelf, and the computer made a record associating the physical slot with the particular tray –A user desiring book X had only to identify X to a clerk, who entered the identification into the computer, thereby initiating the retrieval of the tray containing X at that time and the delivery of the tray to the circulation desk –At the circulation desk, the clerk would remove book X from the tray and charge it out to the user. Then the clerk would put another book into the empty space in the tray (recording that placement by using the barcode reader), and the tray would be returned to the shelf area

27. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Physical Organization of Books in Libraries The OSU experiment had three goals: –To demonstrate how the physical space required by this method of storage could be a sharp reduction from that required by conventional library stack areas –To test the feasibility of using mechanical handling equipment (1) to reduce significantly the numbers and costs of human staff required (e.g., re-shelving of returned books was almost totally automated) and (2) to speed up delivery of books to users –To test how users would react to the trade-off of quick and easy delivery of books to them vs. having to do their browsing via a computerized catalog rather than via direct access to bookshelves organized in traditional fashion For reasons I do not know, OSU has abandoned this experiment. Its interest for us here lies in its showing us how the storage function can be separated from the browsing function in a library.

28. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Finding Information via InBEs Thus far we have emphasized the storage of books in libraries –But there are many other kinds of information- bearing entities (InBEs): e.g., maps, letters, personal diaries and journals, newspapers, magazines, photographs, phonograph records, movies –Many of these types of InBEs do not lend themselves easily to subject-oriented organization We need to consider the ways in which a user may want to try to identify InBEs relevant to a particular purpose or interest that he or she has at a particular time

29. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Finding Information via InBEs Typical ways of identifying desired InBEs include –Author(s) or other persons (e.g., editor) or corporate bodies responsible for the intellectual content of the InBE –Source (e.g., institution) with which the InBE is associated –Title –Series (if any) to which the InBE belongs –Subject, as indicated by Classification (according to DDC, LC, or other classification schemes [e.g., the Universal Decimal Classification]) Subject headings (e.g., from a list such as the LC Subject Headings or the Medical Subject Headings [MeSH]) Index terms and phrases (e.g., as assigned by human indexers or by programmatic means); also called "keywords", "descriptors", "content tags", etc. –Type of content (e.g., text, engineering drawing, map, still photograph, audio or video recording) –Physical format (.e.g, microfilm, LP, CD, DVD, computer file) –Date of creation or revision of InBE

30. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Finding Information via InBEs We can generalize the idea of finding a desired InBE in the following way: –With each InBE we can associate various "retrieval tags" or "labels", each of which reflects one of the types of approaches shown in the previous slide. That is, the InBe will have Author tag(s) (if it has someone or something that is responsible for its intellectual content) A title tag A series tag (if it is part of a series by which users may wish to identify it) Subject-content tags and so on When each InBE in a collection has a set of associated retrieval tags, a user can manipulate the tags (e.g., using a computer program [or, in the past, catalog cards]) to inform himself or herself about InBEs in the collection that appear to be relevant to the user's interest of the moment.

31. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Subject Indexing and Library Practice Libraries initially provided information about their holdings via handwritten and printed lists. The first use of a card catalog in a library appears to have occurred at the University of Parma in the 1760s. –Further use of card catalogs occurred in France as one of the many innovations (e.g., the metric system) resulting from the French Revolution in and after 1789. –The first card catalog in the U.K. appears to have been that of the library of the London Society of Telegraph Engineers in 1820. The idea of using card catalogs rather than lists of holdings spread slowly. –For example, at the Harvard University Library a card catalog was introduced in 1840, but it was for the use only of the staff of the library. The Harvard Library did not provide a card catalog for public use till 1862.

32. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Subject Indexing and Library Practice As catalog cards gradually gained popularity during the 19th century, their physical limitations helped set standard library practices –The minimum size of type (or handwriting) for legibility constrained the amount of information that could be placed on a single physical card –Librarians tried to avoid using more than one physical card to present the basic information about a given book, since sets of 2 or more cards for a book were harder to handle and to keep in correct filing order Because of these physical limitations, librarians adopted such practices as –Listing no more than 3 authors for a work –Rarely providing more than 3 subject-headings for a work –Truncating excessively long titles (such as those often found in works of the 17th century or earlier)

33. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Subject Indexing and Library Practice Some results of these practices –The typical maximum length of the information on a printed LC card is around 350 - 400 characters. Nowadays the standard means of storing and communicating the cataloging information on a book is the book's MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) record. (MARC records are prepared by catalogers at the Library of Congress and at major research libraries, including the General Libraries of the University of Texas at Austin, and are distributed around the world electronically.) MARC records for typical books contain 650 - 700 bytes of information, more than 1-1/2 times as much as the traditional printed cards. –For a non-fiction book, the average number of subject headings on a printed LC card or in a MARC record is 1.6. But the average number of subject-content tags associated with the MedLine entry for a journal article is over 40.

34. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Subject Indexing and Library Practice The comparison of subject headings for books vs. subject-content tags for MedLine, the online service of the National Library of Medicine( NLM), entries reveals a striking difference between –the extent to which library practice records the subject content of a book, and –the extent to which NLM practice records the subject content of a journal article--an InBE that is usually much shorter than a book.

35. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Subject Indexing and Library Practice In short, standard library practice provides only quite limited access to the subject content of a book. –In general, this makes it much harder for a user to distinguish among, or often even find, books relevant to his or her interest of the moment than to distinguish among or find relevant journal articles. –For a variety of reasons, especially money, standard library practice is unlikely to change in this respect. With respect to other kinds of retrieval tags, standard library practice also typically provides less access than many computer-assisted indexing procedures (i.e., retrieval-tag-applying procedures) provide to the kinds of InBEs they deal with.

36. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Finding Information via InBEs From a general viewpoint, all the retrieval tags that have been associated with each InBE (in a collection of InBEs) are--or should be--potentially usable to help identify those InBEs that are likely to be relevant to a user's inquiry. –Some kinds of tags will be used more frequently, and other kinds less frequently, but it is clearly desirable that all kinds of tags be equally easy for the user to employ in her or his search.

37. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Definition of Information Storage and Retrieval We may define "information storage and retrieval" (ISR) as the theory and practice of –Acquiring, or at least identifying, InBEs for a collection –Associating a set of retrieval tags with each InBE –Storing the InBEs and their associated tags in ways that will facilitate the use of the tags for retrieval In the case of InBEs that are identified rather than acquired, what is stored is the locations of the InBEs The InBEs and their associated tags may, or may not, be stored in the same place

38. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Definition of Information Storage and Retrieval (cont'd) –Providing means by which a user may use the retrieval tags to identify InBEs likely to be relevant to his or her interest of the moment –Providing means by which the identified, potentially relevant InBEs can be made available to the user for her or his examination –Often, providing in addition, means by which (1) a user may define a continuing interest and (2) the ISR system will check newly acquired (or identified) InBEs to determine whether they appear relevant to the user's continuing interest Note: This is usually called "active dissemination"

39. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Information Storage and Retrieval ISR, as just defined, –Dates from the early 20th century –Is practiced in many environments: archives, documentation centers, information centers, learning-resources centers, libraries, museums, records centers, Web-search services, etc. –Subsumes librarianship, in the sense that We can say that librarianship is ISR as practiced in places called "libraries" and with emphasis on a limited number of types of InBEs: books, magazines, etc. –Is also known (especially outside the U.S.) by such names as "documentation" and "informatics". –May be thought of as the applied side of information science.

40. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Taylor's Definition of ISR Here is a classic definition of information science (IS), written in 1963 by an ISR pioneer, Robert S. Taylor:Robert S. Taylor –" Information Science is the science that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability. –"The processes include the origination, dissemination, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, interpretation, and use of information. –"The field is derived from or related to mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer technology, operations research, the graphic arts, communications, library science, management, and some other fields." IS may be thought of as the theoretical side of ISR.

41. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizational History of ISR and IS in the U.S. In the U.S., ISR and IS have been the focus of a professional organization whose name has evolved over the years –1937 National Microfilm Association –1946 American Documentation Institute –1966 American Society for Information Science –2000 American Society for Information Science and Technology

42. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizational History of ISR and IS in the U.S. In 1937 the National Microfilm Association was formed by people concerned with the then rapidly developing microfilm industry. –Microfilm (both 35mm and 16mm film) began to be used in the 1920s to provide a highly compact medium for storing business records and a compact, long-lasting medium for copying materials like newspapers that deteriorate quickly. –The NMA attracted to its membership not only people in the microfilm industry but also librarians, archivists, and other people interested both in the physical medium of microfilm and in using it to provide storage of, and access to, a variety of InBEs. Reflecting the broadening of its membership, the NMA changed its name in 1946 to the American Documentation Institute.

43. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizational History of ISR and IS in the U.S. During the 1950s and early 1960s, the growing capabilities of computers attracted people of even more varied backgrounds into the field of using computers and related technologies to help solve the problems of handling InBEs. –Not only did computers offer direct uses in terms of storage of InBEs, but also they offered new tools for investigating graphic, linguistic, mathematical, and psychological phenomena involved in the generation and communication of information. –Taylor's definition of IS reflects the way in which this era led graphics specialists, linguists, mathematicians, psychologists, etc., to become interested in the problems of ISR.

44. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizational History of ISR and IS in the U.S. The continual broadening of the community of ISR- involved people led in 1966 to a further name change, to the American Society for Information Science (ASIS). In recent years, the role of technology in ISR has steadily increased. After a lengthy debate within ASIS, its membership voted to change the name to American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST), effective officially at the organization's annual meeting in November 2000.American Society for Information Science and Technology Also deserving mention in connection with the ISR community is the Library and Information Technology Association (LITA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA).Library and Information Technology AssociationAmerican Library Association

45. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions ISR and IS Organizations outside the U.S. ASIST has members all around the globe, but there are also comparable organizations based in other countries. Examples*: –Aslib, the Association for Information Management (formerly the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux) (U.K.)Aslib, the Association for Information Management –l'Association des professionnels de l'information et de la documentation (France)l'Association des professionnels de l'information et de la documentation –Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)Australian Library and Information Association –Canadian Association for Information Science and Technology (CAIS)Canadian Association for Information Science and Technology –Deutsche Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis (Germany)Deutsche Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis *Suggestions for additions to these examples will be welcomed.

46. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions International Federation for Information and Documentation An international "umbrella" organization for professional associations and people in the fields of IS, ISR, and documentation is the Fédération Internationale d'Information et de Documentation (FID), headquartered in Brussels.Fédération Internationale d'Information et de Documentation –FID was founded in 1885 to foster the development of the Universal Decimal Classification. –FID has broadened its scope to include organizations and individuals around the world who are interested in IS, ISR, and documentation.

47. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizations with Interests Related to IST Numerous organizations have areas of concern that include specialized applications of ISR. A few examples* are: –Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and many of its Special Interest Groups (SIGs), includingAssociation for Computing Machinery Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI)Computer-Human Interaction Computer Uses in Education (SIGCUE)Computer Uses in Education Hypertext, Hypermedia and Web (SIGWEB)Hypertext, Hypermedia and Web Information Retrieval (SIGIR)Information Retrieval Knowledge Discovery in Data (SIGKDD)Knowledge Discovery in Data Management of Data (SIGMOD)Management of Data Management Information Systems (SIGMIS)Management Information Systems –Association for Information Management Professionals (ARMA) [formerly the Association of Records Managers and Administrators]Association for Information Management Professionals –Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA)Association of Moving Image Archivists *Suggestions for additions to these examples will be welcomed.

48. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Organizations with Interests Related to IST (cont'd) –Cartography and Geographic Information Society (CaGIS)Cartography and Geographic Information Society –Drug Information Association (DIA)Drug Information Association –Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society –International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions –International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA)International Medical Informatics Association –International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)International Society for Technology in Education –Medical Library Association (MLA)Medical Library Association –Patent Information Users Group (PIUG)Patent Information Users Group –Society of American Archivists (SAA)Society of American Archivists –Society for Information Management (SIM)Society for Information Management –Special Libraries Association (SLA)Special Libraries Association *Suggestions for additions to these examples will be welcomed.

49. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 386.13, Information Technologies & the Information Professions Overview of Information Storage and Retrieval This concludes Part 1 of this overview of ISR. You may click below to go to –Part 2Part 2 –Part 3Part 3