1. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 1 Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model Martin Doerr Paris, France March 14, 2006 Corrections made 9 March 2007 Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas CIDOC 2007

2. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 2  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information.  Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.  Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.  Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.  Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information

3. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 3 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and Museum Information  Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.  Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.  Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.  Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information  There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, CIDOC CRM.

4. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 4 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization Project  Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:  A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.  To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.  To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.  After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBR OO ” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.  Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBR ER to FRBR OO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.  Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)

5. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 5 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)  developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006  a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information  Innovations:  centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.  explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.  typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.  Lacks: a model of intellectual work

6. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 6 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)  developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)  A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation  Might result in a new library practice  Innovations:  Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.  Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.  Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

7. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 7 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR : Abstraction Levels Work Expression Manifestation Item has part is realized through (is a realization of) has part is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) has part is exemplified by (exemplifies ) has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation

8. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 8 F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Work concepts F1Work The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”) Complex Work: Continuation (possibly by others), complements, alternatives, translations ! Container Work: Incorporating unaltered work. The Publisher’s work is a Work ! Serial Work: Coherent, open ended series/serials F21 Complex Work E28 Conceptual Object F43 Publication Work F22 Serial Work

9. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 9 F23 Expression Fragment The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Expression concepts F2 Expression The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). An Expression can be “complete”. The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. Self-Contained ~: “Complete” – either according to author or unfinished. Fragment ~: Any piece, in relation to the whole. Publication ~: Text, layout, illustrations,… F20 Self-contained Expression E73 Information Object F41 Publication Expression

10. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 10 F46 Individual Work F1 Work F46 Individual Work F21 Complex Work F20 Self-Contained Expression R56 is realized in (realises) R12 has member (is member of) F46 Individual Work R12 is realized in (realises) F20 Self-Contained Expression R56 is realized in (realises) The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression Self-Contained Expression = Evidence of Individual Work Complex Work = Coherent set of Individual Works (not “complex”)

11. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 11 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of Manifestation concepts Item Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type. Manifestation Singleton F3 Manifestation Product Type An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription) E55 Type E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff E84 Information Carrier immaterial material

12. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 12 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The “Externalization”, material / immaterial E28ConceptualObject E84InformationCarrier E24PhysicalMan-MadeThing E65CreationE12Production F31 Expression Creation F2 Expression F20 Self Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F4 Manifestation Singleton F46 Individual Work F21 Complex Work F1 Work F5 Item F3 Manifestation Production Type F40 Carrier ProductionEvent R49 created a realization of realization of R56 is realized in R45 created R9 comprises carriers of R10 belongs to type R22 created created R41 produced (was produced by)

13. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 13 Work conceptionExpression creation Work elaboration produces a work produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton E65 Expression Creation F30 Work Conception F1 Work E39 Actor E52 Time E53 Place F2 Expression F4 Manifestation Singleton R21 initiated P14 carried out by P4 has time-span P7… R22 created R45 created P4… P7 took place at P14 carried out by R49 created a realisation of The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conception and “Externalization” time

14. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 14 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and Expression – short-cuts F21Complex Work A F21 Complex Work A.2 F46 Individual Work A.2.1 F20 Self-Contained Expression A.2.1 F31 Expression Creation A.2.1 R12 has member (is member of) R12 has member (is member of) R49B was realised through (created a realisation of) R22 created (was created by) R13 is realized in (realises) R56 is realised in (realises)

15. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 15 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Container Work – What is the Expression? The Container Work adds Expression: may cause Work with empty expression! The collected expressions are integral part of the container F48 Container Work Additional Expression Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y F48 Container Work & F46 Individual Work Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y Overall Expression R13 is realized in (realises) R13 is realized in (realises) inconsistent consistent Work X R13 is realised in (realises) is incorporated R13 is realised in (realises)

16. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 16 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis Publisher’s Level F46 Individual Work F20 Self-Contained Expression F43 Publication Work F41 Publication Expression F39 Production Plan F3 Manifestation-Product Type F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item F4 Manifestation Singleton F21 Complex Work “Oliver Twist” Idea “Oliver Twist” Completed “Oliver Twist” Text “Oliver Twist” Manuscript “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept “Oliver Twist” Publication content “Oliver Twist” Publication “Oliver Twist” Plan “Oliver Twist” Printing “Oliver Twist” 20 th Book R56 is re alized in (real ises) R56 is realized in (realises) CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) R10 belongs to type (is type of) R41 produced (was produced by R39 followed (was followed by) R12 has member (is mem ber of) Author’s Level F45 Publication Event “Oliver Twist” published! R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R38 produced things of type (was produced by) R63 incorporates (is incorporated in) P128 carries (is carried by)

17. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 17 ISBN:960-86830-0-9 F5 Item E19 Physical ObjectF3 Manifestation Product Type E60 Number CLP57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) P57 has number of parts Individual copies Inherits from E19 Physical Object: P57 has number of parts 2 CPL57 should have number of parts (should be number of parts of) P57 has number of parts “R10 belongs to type” = instances R10 belongs to type (is type of) Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type. This is simulated by property R9 1 3 … 2 n The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass ! E55 Type instances Metaclasses particulars

18. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 18 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing F41 Publication Expression F39 Production Plan F3 Manifestation- Product Type F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) R10B is type of (belongs to type) R41 produced (was produced by) R39B was followed by (foll owed) R38 produced things of type (was produced by) F45 Publication Event R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) F41 Publication Expression F40 Carrier Production Event F5 Item R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R5 carri es (is carried by) R41 produced (was produced by) Electronic Publishing makes accessible downloads “copy on local carrier” “Result of an industrial process” F45 Publication Event F39 Production Plan R37 shows how to realise (was realised by)

19. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 19 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Reproduction F44 Reproduction Event E84 Information Carrier E12 Production R59 reproduced (was reproduced by) R59 reproduced (was reproduced by) “In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original… F44 Reproduction Event and F40 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint…”

20. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 20 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization How to identify Work? F37 Representative Expression Assignment F21Complex Work F2 Expression F3 Manifestation Product Type F4 Manifestation-Singleton F36 Representative Manifestation Assignment R2 has representative expression (is representative expression for) R7 has representative manifestation-singleton ( is representative manifestation singleton for) R3 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for) F28 Bibliographic Agency R16 carried out by (performed) R33 assign to (was assigned by) R32 assigned (was assigned by) R17 carried out by (performed) R34 assigned (was assigned by) R31 assigned to (was assigned by)

21. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 21 F13 Name = E41 Appellation F14 Identifier F33 Identifier Assignment F16 Identifier Rule R26 used constituent (was used in) E1 CRM Entity P1B identifies (is identifies by) R51 consists of (forms part of) R25 assigned (was assigned by) R52B used rule (was the rule used in) R24 assigned to (was assigned by) The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library identifiers have structuring rules

22. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 22 E7 Activity E13 Attribute Assignment E65 Creation E11 Modification F37 Representative Expression Assignment F36 Representative Manifestation Assignment F33 Identifier Assignment F45 Publication Event E83 Type Creation E12 Production E15 Identifier Assignment F31 Expression Creation F44 Reproduction Event F40 Carrier production Event The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Summary of new Activity Concepts F30 Work Conception

23. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 23 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary  Topics solved: — Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes. — The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation — Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense? — Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution. — What is the contribution and product of the publisher. — What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process? — The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.

24. ICS-FORTH March 14, 2007 24 The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions  The combined model CRM – FRBR OO :  Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization  On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.  On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.  clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR  Further work:  FRAD (Authority Data),  modeling equivalence with performing arts. SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr