1. Oceans Water, Life, Floor, Currents, & Tides

2. Oceanography Oceanography is comprised of many different areas of science. Oceanography is comprised of many different areas of science. Chemistry- Seawater composition Chemistry- Seawater composition Biology- Living organisms in the ocean Biology- Living organisms in the ocean Physics- Currents, tides, waves Physics- Currents, tides, waves Geology- Ocean floor Geology- Ocean floor Enviromental Science- Changes Enviromental Science- Changes

3. Oceanography In the past, scientists who studied the ocean had to travel to many points to collect data. This data was limited in detail to just one point. In the past, scientists who studied the ocean had to travel to many points to collect data. This data was limited in detail to just one point. –Current speed and direction –Temperature –Depth

4. Oceanography Today, scientists collect data in many different ways. Today, scientists collect data in many different ways. –Satellites –Single beam and multi-beam sonar –Submersibles –Buoys –GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

5. Water H 2 O H 2 O –Density 1g/cm 3 at 4°C –Boil 100°C212 °F –Melt 0 °C32 °F Polar Molecule Polar Molecule –Hydrogen Bonding (intermolecular force) –High boiling point –Good Solvent –Open lattice crystal structure in ice

6. Water vs. Ice Water molecules can be very close together. Water molecules can be very close together. Ice molecules have a lattice structure with open space Ice molecules have a lattice structure with open space

7. Ice Floats What would happen if ice was more dense than water? What would happen if ice was more dense than water?

8. Ocean Water

9. Density The density of ocean water can vary. The density of ocean water can vary. Salinity Salinity –Dissolved salts increase the density of ocean water –Runoff decreases salt concentration –Freezing/Evaporation increase salt concentration Temperature Temperature –Higher temperature water is less dense –Cooler water is more dense –Ice is least dense

10. Ocean Layers Thermocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in temperature with depth. Thermocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in temperature with depth. Video Video Video

11. Ocean Layers Pycnocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in density with depth. Pycnocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in density with depth.

12. Ocean Layers Halocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in salinity with depth. Halocline- A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in salinity with depth.

13. Ocean Regions A- Aphotic zone B- Intertidal zone C- Pelagic zone D- Benthic zone E- Neritic zone F- Oceanic zone G- Photic zone H- Abyssal zone A- Aphotic zone B- Intertidal zone C- Pelagic zone D- Benthic zone E- Neritic zone F- Oceanic zone G- Photic zone H- Abyssal zone

14. Ocean Regions

15. Ocean Life

16. Plankton- "Drifters" Plankton- "Drifters" –Cannot propel themselves throughout the ocean. Nekton- "Swimmers" Nekton- "Swimmers" –move independently of the currents Benthos- "Bottom Dwellers" Benthos- "Bottom Dwellers" –Live on or in the ocean floor

17. Ocean Productivity Primary producers get 2% of the sunlight energy, and 98% is lost. Primary producers get 2% of the sunlight energy, and 98% is lost. Consumers get 10% of the energy from what they eat and 90% is lost. Consumers get 10% of the energy from what they eat and 90% is lost.Example: 500,000 units of energy reach the ocean 500,000 units of energy reach the ocean –10,000 units are converted into useable energy through photosynthesis to trophic level 1 (phytoplankton). –1,000 units are passed on to trophic level 2 (Zooplankton). –100 units pass on to trophic level 3 (flying fish). –10 units pass on to trophic level 4 (yellowfin tuna). –1 unit of energy is passed on to trophic level 5 (humans).

18. Coral Reefs Much of the life in the oceans can be found around coral reefs Much of the life in the oceans can be found around coral reefs Shallow enough for algae to grow Shallow enough for algae to grow Deep enough for fish Deep enough for fish Provides habitat for all organisms Provides habitat for all organisms Video Video Video

19. Deep Sea Vents Life exists even at the deepest parts of the ocean Life exists even at the deepest parts of the ocean Organisms here do not rely on sunlight Organisms here do not rely on sunlight Bacteria here undergo chemosynthesis Bacteria here undergo chemosynthesis Tube worms, shrimp, and crabs all live here Tube worms, shrimp, and crabs all live here

20. Ocean Floor The ocean floor is not just a smooth barren surface. The ocean floor is not just a smooth barren surface. The ocean floor has many features that provide a habitat for numerous marine organisms. The ocean floor has many features that provide a habitat for numerous marine organisms.

21. Ocean Floor Features Shores Shores –Passive Margin –Active Margin Abyssal Plains Abyssal Plains Mid Ocean Ridge Mid Ocean Ridge Trenches Trenches Seamounts, Guyots, Atolls Seamounts, Guyots, Atolls

22. Passive Continental Margin

23. Active Continental Margin

24. What is the deepest part of the ocean? The Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench.Mariana TrenchMariana Trench 11,022 meters deep (36,163 feet) 11,022 meters deep (36,163 feet) Visited in 1960 by Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard in the bathyscaphe Trieste Visited in 1960 by Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard in the bathyscaphe Trieste No one has returned since No one has returned since

25. Mid-Ocean Ridge The abyssal plains extend out to the mid-ocean ridge. The abyssal plains extend out to the mid-ocean ridge. Here, the seafloor rises due to the thinning crust and pressure from within the Earth. Here, the seafloor rises due to the thinning crust and pressure from within the Earth.

26. Seamounts Volcanic peaks that are submerged beneath the ocean. Volcanic peaks that are submerged beneath the ocean. Most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean Most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean

27. Guyots Islands are eroded by wave action leaving much of the land at sea level Islands are eroded by wave action leaving much of the land at sea level Eventually the island moves away from the hot spot and becomes submerged Eventually the island moves away from the hot spot and becomes submerged

28. Atolls Atolls are formed as coral grows around a volcanic island. Atolls are formed as coral grows around a volcanic island. Eventually the island erodes away. Eventually the island erodes away. The living coral can continue to grow leaving only a ring The living coral can continue to grow leaving only a ring

29. Ocean Floor Sediment Terrigenous sediment- Comes from rocks and minerals that weather on land and are carried to the ocean through wind and water Terrigenous sediment- Comes from rocks and minerals that weather on land and are carried to the ocean through wind and water Biogenous sediment (ooze)- Forms from skeletons and shells of dead marine animals Biogenous sediment (ooze)- Forms from skeletons and shells of dead marine animals Hydrogeneous sediment- Minerals that were previously dissolved can precipitate out of solution Hydrogeneous sediment- Minerals that were previously dissolved can precipitate out of solution

30. Ocean Floor Sediment