2. Imitation and Social Intelligence for Synthetic Characters Daphna Buchsbaum, MIT Media Lab and Icosystem Corporation Bruce Blumberg, MIT Media Lab

3. Socially Intelligent Characters and Robots Able to learn by observing and interacting with humans, and each other Able to interpret other’s actions, intentions and motivations - characters with Theory of Mind Prerequisite for cooperative behavior

4. Max and Morris

5. Max watches Morris using synthetic vision Can recognize and imitate Morris’s movements, by comparing them to his own movements (using his own movements as the model/example set) Uses movement recognition to bootstrap identifying simple motivations and goals and learning about new objects in the environment

6. Infant Imitation These interactions may help infants learn relationships between self and other ‘like me’ experiences Simulation Theory ©

7. “To know a man is to walk a mile in his shoes” Understanding others using our own perceptual, behavioral and motor mechanisms We want to create a Simulation Theory-based social learning system for synthetic characters ©

8. Motor Representation: The Posegraph Nodes are poses Edges are allowable transitions A motor program generates a path through a graph of annotated poses Paths can be compared and classified Nodes are poses Edges are allowable transitions A motor program generates a path through a graph of annotated poses Paths can be compared and classified Related Work: Downie 2001 Masters Thesis; Arikan and Forsyth, SIGGRAPH 2002; Lee et. al., SIGGRAPH 2002

9. Motor Representation: The Posegraph Multi-resolution graphs Nodes are movements Blending variants of ‘same’ motion Multi-resolution graphs Nodes are movements Blending variants of ‘same’ motion

10. Synthetic Vision Graphical camera captures Max’s viewpoint Enforces sensory honesty (occlusion)

11. Synthetic Vision Key body parts are color-coded Max locates them, and remembers their position relative to Morris’s root node. People watching a movement attend to end-effector locations Root node

12. Parsing Motion Many different movements start and end in the same transitionary poses (Gleicher et. al., 2003) These poses can be used as segment markers Related Work: Bindiganavale and Badler, CAPTECH 1998; Fod, Mataric and Jenkins, Autonomous Robots 2002; Lieberman, Masters Thesis 2004; ©

13. Movement Recognition

15. Identify the best matching path through the posegraph Check if this path closely matches an already existing movement

16. Differing Movement Graphs

17. From Perception to Production Max sees Morris move through a series of poses Max identifies which movement(s) in his graph are closest to what he perceived Max plays out his best-matching known movement

18. Identifying Actions, Motivations and Goals

19. Action Identification

20. Top-level motivation systems Object Action Do-until Trigger

21. Representation of Action: Action Tuple Object Action Do-until Trigger Context in which the action can be performed Optional object to perform action on Anything from setting an internal variable to making a motor request. Context in which action is completed

22. Action l Identification “Should I” trigger “can I” trigger

23. Action Identification Find bottom-level actions that use matched movements

24. Action Identification Find bottom-level actions that use matched movements

25. Action Identification Find all paths through The action hierarchy To the matching action

26. Action Identification Check “can-I” triggers, see which actions are possible.

27. Action Identification Check “can-I” triggers, see which actions are possible.

28. Action Identification Check “can-I” triggers, see which actions are possible.

29. Simulation Theory Use “should-I” triggers in ancestors of matching actions to identify simple motivations (e.g. hunger) Use “success” Do-untils to identify simple intentions (e.g. get the object, eat) Use “success” Do-untils to start identifying failed and successful actions.

30. Learning About Objects

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34. Contributions: What Max can Do Parse a continuous stream of motion into individual movement units Classify observed movements as one of his own Identify observed actions, using his own action system Identify simple motivations and goals for an action Learn uses of objects through observation

35. Future Work: What Max Can’t Currently Do Solve the correspondence problem Imitate characters with non-identical morphology Doesn’t act on knowledge of partner’s goals - cooperative activity Currently ignores novel movements

36. Harder Problems How do you use your knowledge? –Limits of simulation theory –Intentions vs consequences: The problem of the robot that eats for you –What level of granularity do you attend to: wanting the object vs wanting to eat

37. Acknowledgements Members of the Synthetic Characters and Robotic Life Groups at the MIT Media Lab Advisor : –Bruce Blumberg, MIT Media Lab Thesis Readers: –Cynthia Breazeal, MIT Media Lab –Andrew Meltzoff, University of Washington Special Thanks To: –Jesse Gray –Marc Downie