1. RESEARCH PROCESS STEP 4 : 5

3. RESEARCH STEP 4 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

4. Language of Research Variables Models Theory Terms used in research Terms used in research Constructs Operational definitions Operational definitions Propositions/ Hypotheses Propositions/ Hypotheses Conceptual schemes Conceptual schemes Concepts

5. DEFINITION Concept :  is the basic building blocks of scientific investigation. They are creations of the human mind that are used in the classification and communication of the essence of some set of observations. Concept can be defined as abstract ideas generalized from particular facts

6. Concepts A concept is a generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors. When you think of a spreadsheet or a warranty card, what comes to mind is not a single example, but your collected memories of all spreadsheets and warranty cards. From this, you extract a set of specific and definable characteristics.

7. Sources of Concepts Concepts that are in frequent and general use have been developed over time, through shared language usage. These concepts are acquired through personal experience. That is why it’s often difficult to deal with an uncommon concept or a newly advanced idea.

8. Sources of Concepts One way to handle this problem is to borrow from other languages (gestalt) or to borrow from other fields (impressionism). The concept of gravitation, as used to explain why people shop where they do, is borrowed from physics. The concept of distance is used to describe the degree of variability between the attitudes of two or more people. Threshold is used to describe a concept about the way we perceive.

9. Sources of Concepts Sometimes, we must adopt new meanings for words or develop new labels for concepts. When we adopt new meanings or develop new labels, we begin to develop a specialized jargon or terminology. Jargon contributes to communication efficiency among specialists, but it excludes everyone else.

10. Language of Research Clear conceptualization of concepts Shared understanding of concepts Success of Research

11. Construct : Is specific types of concepts that exist at higher levels of abstraction and are invented for some special theoretical purpose. Generally, construct is not directly tied to observation. Instead, they are inferred by some indirect method, such as paper and pencil questionnaires

12. Job Redesign Constructs and Concepts

13. Theory : Is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena

14. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK The Need for Theoretical Framework Type of Variables Theoretical Framework and Its Five Basic Features

15. The Need For A Theoretical Framework A Theoretical Framework is a Conceptual Model of how one Theorizes or Makes Logical Sense of the Relationships among the Several factors/variables that have been Identified as Important to the Problem

16. A Variable Is the Property Being Studied Variable Event Act Characteristic Trait Attribute

17. Types of Variables Dichotomous Male/Female Employed/ Unemployed Male/Female Employed/ Unemployed Discrete Ethnic background Educational level Religious affiliation Ethnic background Educational level Religious affiliation Continuous Income Temperature Age Income Temperature Age

18. Type of Variables Dependent Variable Independent Variable Moderating Variable Intervening Variable

19. Independent and Dependent Variable Synonyms Independent Variable (IV) Predictor Presumed cause Stimulus Predicted from… Antecedent Manipulated Dependent Variable (DV) Criterion Presumed effect Response Predicted to…. Consequence Measured outcome

20. Dependent Variable Is the Variable of Primary interest to the Researcher The Researcher’s goal is to understand and describe the Dependent Variable, or to explain its variability, or to predict it

21. Independent Variable Is One that Influences the dependent variable in either a positive or a negative way

22. New Product Success Stock Market Price Managerial Values Power Distance Reading Abilities Number of Books D VI V D V I V D V

23. Moderating Variable Is one that has a strong Contingent effect on the Independent variable– dependent variable relationship. That is, the presence of a third variable ( the moderating variable) modifies the original relationship between the independent variable and the independent variable.

24. Relationships Among Variable Types

25. Moderating Variables (MV) The introduction of a four-day week (IV) will lead to higher productivity (DV), especially among younger workers (MV) The switch to commission from a salary compensation system (IV) will lead to increased sales (DV) per worker, especially more experienced workers (MV). The loss of mining jobs (IV) leads to acceptance of higher-risk behaviors to earn a family-supporting income (DV) – particularly among those with a limited education (MV).

26. Reading Abilities Number of Books Parents’ literacy I V D V M V

27. Organizational effectiveness Workforce diversity Managerial expertise I V D V M V

28. FIGURE 5.5a Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

29. FIGURE 5.5b Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

30. Intervening Variables In one that surfaces between the time the independent variables operate to influence the dependent variable and their impact on the dependent variable

31. Intervening Variables An intervening variable is a conceptual mechanism through which the IV and MV might affect the DV. The intervening variable (IVV) may be defined as “that factor which theoretically affects the observed phenomenon but cannot be seen, measured, or manipulated; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderator variables on the observed phenomenon.”

32. Intervening Variables (IVV) The switch to a commission compensation system (IV) will lead to higher sales (DV) by increasing overall compensation (IVV).

33. FIGURE 5.6 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

34. FIGURE 5.7 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

35. FIGURE 5.8 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

36. FIGURE 5.9 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

37. FIGURE 5.10 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

38. FIGURE 5.11 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

39. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5C Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

40. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5D Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

41. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5E Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

42. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5F Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

43. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5H Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

44. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5J Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

45. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5K Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

46. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

47. FIVE BASIC FEATURES OF THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussion 2. The discussion should state how two or more variables are related to one another. This should be done for the important relationships that are theorized to exist among the variables

48. FIVE BASIC………. 3. If the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative 4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. The arguments could be drawn from the previous research finding

49. FIVE BASIC…….. 5. A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships

50. STEP 5: HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT

51. Proposition : A statement about concepts that may be judged as true or false if it refers to observable phenomena When proposition is formulated for empirical testing, we call it a Hypotheses

52. HYPOTESES A hypotheses can be defined as a logical conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

53. Hypotheses Hypotheses have also been described as statements in which variables are assigned to cases. A case is the entity or thing the hypothesis talks about. Case hypotheses: Brand Manager Jones (case) has a higher-than-average achievement motivation (variable). Generalization: Brand managers in Company Z (cases) have a higher-than-average achievement motivation (variable).

54. The Role of Hypotheses Guide the direction of the study Identify relevant facts Suggest most appropriate research design Provide framework for organizing resulting conclusions

55. HYPOTHESES Types:  Descriptive Hypotheses  Relational Hypotheses  Groups Difference Hypotheses Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses Null and Alternate Hypotheses

56. Hypothesis Formats Descriptive Hypothesis In Detroit, our potato chip market share stands at 13.7%. American cities are experiencing budget difficulties. Research Question What is the market share for our potato chips in Detroit? Are American cities experiencing budget difficulties?

57. Relational Hypotheses Correlational Young women (under 35) purchase fewer units of our product than women who are older than 35. The number of suits sold varies directly with the level of the business cycle. Causal An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income saved. Loyalty to a grocery store increases the probability of purchasing that store’s private brand products.

58. HYPOTHESES: EXAMPLES Example : employees who are more healthy will takes sick leave less frequently If-then If employee are more healthy, then they will take leave less frequently

59. Non-Directional Hypotheses The life expectancy of a bulb is more or less than 600 hours There is a difference between the work ethic values of American and Asian There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction

60. Directional Hypotheses The life expectancy of a bulb is more than 600 hours Women are more motivated than men The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees

61. Null and Alternate Hypotheses For Group Differences : Null Hypotheses : H 0 : μ M = μ W or H 0 : μ M – μ W = 0 Alternate Hypotheses: H A : μ M < μ W ( Directional) or H A : μ W > μ M Alternate Hypotheses: H A : μ M ≠ μ W ( Nondirectional)

62. Null and Alternate Hypotheses For Descriptive : Null Hypotheses : H 0 : μ = 600 hrs Alternate Hypotheses: H A : μ < 600 hrs ( Directional) or H A : μ > 600 hrs Alternate Hypotheses: H A : μ ≠ 600 hrs ( Nondirectional)

63. For the Relation Between Two Variables Null Hypotheses: H 0 : ρ = 0 Alternate Hypotheses: H A : ρ < 0 (Directional) H A : ρ ≠ 0 (Nondirectional)

64. Characteristics of Strong Hypotheses A Strong Hypothesis Is A Strong Hypothesis Is Adequate Testable Better than rivals Better than rivals