1. The Physical Examination Cattle

2. The Clinical Examination Patient Data Patient Data History History Environment – verify information Environment – verify information General Inspection General Inspection Systematic Physical Examination Systematic Physical Examination Detailed Physical Examination Detailed Physical Examination

3. Single Animal VS. Herd

4. Environment

5. Nutrition/Diet

6. Facilities/Management

7. Neighbors

8. Clinical Examination cont. Differential Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Appropriate Lab tests Appropriate Lab tests Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Treatment Client Education Client Education

9. General Inspection Need light & space Need light & space STAND BACK - LOOK - DON”T TOUCH STAND BACK - LOOK - DON”T TOUCH Observe at rest and critically access Observe at rest and critically access

10. Inspection cont. General appearance & conformation General appearance & conformation Behavior Behavior Facial expression Facial expression Eye appearance Eye appearance Body condition Body condition Skin & hair coat Skin & hair coat Respiratory movements Respiratory movements Abdomen Abdomen Stance & Posture Stance & Posture Gait Gait

11. General Appearance VIEW ALL SIDES VIEW ALL SIDES Symmetry Symmetrymuscles/skeleton Shape Shape Size - appropriate for Size - appropriate forage/breed Compare abdomen & Compare abdomen &thorax – deviations from normal? – physiological vs. pathological

12. General cont. Conformation Conformation - breed variations Abnormalities: Abnormalities: – Head: “parrot mouth” – Limbs: “ base wide”, “winged” elbows, “post legged”, cow hocks, sickle hocks

13. Behaviour Temperament Temperament Voice Voice Vices (bad habit) Vices (bad habit) Facial expression Facial expression

14. Ingestive behaviour Prehension Prehension Mastication Mastication Swallowing Swallowing Regurgitation Regurgitation

15. Eliminative behaviour

16. Appearance of The Eye Appearance of eye Bright & shinny vs. dull & cloudy Bright & shinny vs. dull & cloudy Position Position Discharge Discharge 3rd eyelid 3rd eyelid

17. Body Condition Indicates past health, diet, management & production Relative to breed, age, Relative to breed, age, stage of pregnancy, Lactation. Be careful with wooly or Be careful with wooly or hairy animals – need to palpate! Compare to neighbors Compare to neighbors

18. Skin & Hair Coat Indicative of systemic vs. local dz. Indicative of systemic vs. local dz. Indicates previous health status Indicates previous health status

19. Respiratory Movements Rate Rate – Temperature, excitement, exercise Rhythm Rhythm Depth Depth – Shallow, deep Type Type Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical movements Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical movements

20. Abdomen Size – Increased – Decreased Shape Shape – Unilateral – Bilateral

21. Abdominal pings Location Location Size Size Intensity Intensity Persistency Persistency

22. Stance & Posture Arched back Arched back Saw-horse Saw-horse Sternal Sternal Star gazing Star gazing Shifting weight Shifting weight Head & neck extended Head & neck extended Leaning back Leaning back Forelimbs wide apart Forelimbs wide apart

23. Gait Any abnormalities Any abnormalities Musculoskeletal system Musculoskeletal system Neurological system Neurological system