1. Modernity, Christian Liberalism & Evangelicalism Class Session 4 © John Stevenson, 2008

2. Class Objectives To understand the impact of modernity and post modernity upon Christianity To consider the roots of contemporary evangelicalism To analyze the workings and pulse of popular culture in order to reflect Christianly about it

3. Immanuel Kant Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg in Prussia Addressed issues of logic, ethics, and epistimology Embraced agnosticism (1724 - 1804) “I had therefore to remove knowledge, in order to make room for belief.”

4. Immanuel Kant Categorical Imperative: “So act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world.” Saw duty as the great foundation of motivation No one can know anything except by experience Moral duty presupposes a Judge (1724 - 1804)

5. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel German philosopher Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis Everything is relative History teaches us that man learns nothing from history (1770 - 1831) All religions possess some fragmentary insight into the truth and all are necessary steps along the way

6. Karl Marx His Jewish father converted to the Protestant faith He embraced atheism Applied Hegel’s concept of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to economics He envisioned a classless society (1818 - 1883)

7. Charles Darwin Studied medicine & theology Five-year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle Published The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 (1809 – 1882) Turned to agnosticism after the death of one of his daughters

8. Julius Wellhausen Julius Wellhausen Applied Darwinian evolution to the question of the origin of the Pentateuch Denied Moses as the author of the Pentateuch Theorized that the Pentateuch had originally consisted of four independent documents brought together by a later redactor (1844 – 1918)

9. Julius Wellhausen Julius Wellhausen The four sources were as follows: J – Stands for Jehovah E – Stands for Elohim D – The book of Deuteronomy P – Priestly Document The resulting theory is known as the “Documentary Hypothesis” or the JEDP Theory (1844 – 1918)

10. The Fundamentalists Inerrancy of the Scriptures The virgin birth and the deity of Jesus The substitutionary atonement by grace through faith The bodily resurrection of Jesus The literal second coming of Jesus

11. John Gresham Machen Professor of Greek New Testament at Princeton Seminary Wrote Christianity and Liberalism in which he maintained that Liberalism was the chief modern rival to Christianity (1881 – 1937) Involved in controversy after Harry Emerson Fosdick's May 1922 sermon “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?”

12. Seminaries Columbia Theological Seminary Harvard Divinity School Lutheran Theological Seminary Princeton Theological Seminary Union Theological Seminary Yale Divinity School Columbia International University Dallas Theological Seminary Knox Theological Seminary Reformed Theological Seminary Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Westminster Theological Seminary

13. The Jesus Movement Early 1970’s Seeking a return to First Century Christianity Calvary Chapel

14. Emerging Church Early 21 st Century Postmodern influence Unstructured Creative spirituality Borrows from traditions of the past

15. Can you think of ways in which conservative Christianity also may sometimes adopt an accommodationist approach to culture?

16. What, if anything, surprised you about the history of American fundamentalism?

17. How does learning something about the history of American evangelicalism help you live more faithfully as a Christian now? Or, does it?

18. What do you think it will mean for “the church to be the church” in an American culture that does not share the church’s Christian view of the world?

19. 2 Corinthians 10:3-5 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war according to the flesh, 4 for the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh, but divinely powerful for the destruction of fortresses. 5 We are destroying speculations and every lofty thing raised up against the knowledge of God, and we are taking every thought captive to the obedience of Christ,