1. MonthDayLecture Oct2Eubacteria and archebacteria 4Protists 6No class-Homecoming! 9Plants 11Fungi 13The coral reef 16Animals I 18Animals II

2. Outline 1.Diversity of life 2.The three domains of life 3.Bacteria and Archaea 4.Biodiversity

10. Evolutionary Tree extreme thermophiles halophiles methanogens cyanobacteria ARCHAEBACTERIA PROTISTANS FUNGI PLANTS ANIMALS club fungi sac fungi zygospore- forming fungi echino- derms chordates annelids mollusks flatworms sponges cnidarians flowering plants conifers horsetails lycophytes ferns bryophytes sporozoans green algae amoeboid protozoans slime molds ciliates red algae brown algae chrysophytes cycads ginkgos rotifers arthropods round- worms chytrids oomycotes euglenoids dinoflagellates Gram-positive bacteria spirochetes chlamydias proteobacteria ? crown of eukaryotes (rapid divergences) molecular origin of life EUBACTERIA parabasalids diplomonads (e.g., Giardia) (alveolates) (stramenopiles) chlorophytes kinetoplastids extreme (e.g., Trichomonas) Figure 19.21 Page 321

11. Five Kingdoms BacteriaProtistsPlantsFungiAnimals Earliest organisms

12. Three domains Bacteria Earliest organisms ArchaeaEukarya

13. three domains

14. Prokaryotes Includes Bacteria and Archaea

15. What roles do prokaryotes play in our lives? or Why we care about prokaryotes…

16. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form

17. Coccus Bacillus Filaments

18. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form 2.Cell structure

19. A prokaryote cell...

20. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form 2.Cell structure 3.Locomotion

21. Whip-like flagella: swimming motion

22. Internal fibrils: rolling motion

23. Adjustable gas vesicles: floating or sinking motion

24. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form 2.Cell structure 3.Locomotion 4.Peptidoglycan cell walls (Bacteria) Protein cell walls (Archaea)

25. A prokaryote cell...

26. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form 2.Cell structure 3.Locomotion 4.Peptidoglycan cell walls (Bacteria) Protein cell walls (Archaea) 5. Asexual reproduction

27. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through fission, but there are some mechanisms for genetic recombination –Transformation –Conjugation –Transduction

28. Characteristics of prokaryotes 1.Form 2.Cell structure 3.Locomotion 4.Peptidoglycan cell walls (Bacteria) Protein cell walls (Archaea) 5. Asexual reproduction

29. Prokaryotes have many “lifestyles”... Anaerobic versus aerobic

30. Prokaryotes have many “lifestyles”... Anaerobic versus aerobic respiration Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes Obligate aerobes

31. Nutritional modeEnergyCarbon PhotoautotrophLightCO 2 ChemoautotrophChemicalsCO 2 PhotoheterotrophLightOrganic material ChemoheterotrophOrganic material Organic material

32. Photoautotrophs These bacteria use light for energy and CO 2 for carbon.

33. These bacteria use H 2 SO 4 as an energy source and CO 2 as a carbon source Chemoautotrophs

34. Photoautotrophs These bacteria use light for energy and CO 2 for carbon.

35. Chemoheterotrophs These organisms use organic materials for energy and for carbon.

36. Prokaryotes drive biogeochemical cycles... Nitrogen Carbon Sulfur Other elements: phosphorous, hydrogen, mercury, iron...

38. Carbon cycle Carbon Cycle

39. Bacteria can be pathogens... (but not Archaea!) Plant pathogens Animal pathogens

40. Crown gall—bacterial infection of geranium plant stem

41. “Strep” “Staph” Anthrax E. coli Salmonella Botulism Tuberculosis Legionnaire’s Leprosy Syphilis and many more...

42. Bacterial toxins Endotoxins –Released from cell wall when bacteria burst –Rarely fatal –E. coli, samonella poisoning Exotoxins –Released by growing bacteria –Often fatal –Tetanus, botulism, cholera, black plague