1. © NERC All rights reserved 3D GEOSCIENCE MODELS & RELATED GIS DATASETS FOR LARGE URBAN REGENERATION PROJECTS IN THE UK Glasgow regeneration project Diarmad Campbell sdgc@bgs.ac.uk & BGS Colleagues* (*see later slide) British Geological Survey (BGS) Session T1, GSA Annual Meeting 2009

2. © NERC All rights reserved Mersey Corridor Glasgow & Clyde Basin Sustainable Development and Regeneration Demands for BGS information & knowledge Partnerships – Local Authorities, regulators need to overcome Industrial legacy, pollution etc Sea level rise threat to coastal cities (cf Stern 2006) Urban Geoscience Key Drivers London & The Thames Catchment Main BGS Urban- related Projects Abundant depth and other data Scope to develop / test / refine detailed attributed and parameterised 3D/4D and so predictive models Relevant to decision making in populous areas (>80% UK population urban) so it can MAKE A DIFFERENCE

3. © NERC All rights reserved Urban Geoscience Strategy To Develop: Dynamic Shallow Earth 3D Models & GIS datsets to assess: Anthropogenic impacts (“Zone of Human Interaction”) land use and climate change impacts Sustainable use of resources; ecosystem services; archaeology assets Multidisciplinary, applied, whole-systems research to characterise natural / human shallow earth processes (contamination) Knowledge exchange with decision makers (policy makers, planners, regulators, developers), identify mitigation strategies, web2.0 interactive knowledge share Transdisciplinary partnerships – integrate urban geoscience with socioeconomics etc. - maximise impact & relevance SO MAKE AN EVEN BIGGER DIFFERENCE

4. © NERC All rights reserved Multiscalar 3D modelling strategy GSI3D lower resolution regional model - catchment scale GSI3D attributed higher resolution models - city scale Based on tens of thousands of coded boreholes Highest resolution along development corridors & regeneration zones NEXTMap shaded relief courtesy of Intermap Technologies Inc Manchester - Salford Warrington Liverpool

5. © NERC All rights reserved 3D urban modelling strategy Integrate 3D models at different resolutions in GSI3D

6. © NERC All rights reserved GSI3D® M GSI3D® Model of superficial deposits & some bedrock 5 km 16 modelled layers within superficial deposits model (but artificial ground a single layer) Clyde Gateway 3D Model for Glasgow urban regeneration

7. © NERC All rights reserved Canal deposit areas Changing land use - different generations & compositions of artificial ground - Warrington Manchester Ship Canal Industrial estate Sand pit/landfill site WW2 airfield Reservoir Railway cutting Infilled River Mersey Meander loop Old pits after Burke et al. 2009 500m

8. © NERC All rights reserved GOCAD TM bedrock model in some areas of complex bedrock structure 8 km But increasingly GSI3D vers.3 will be used instead Clyde Gateway 3D Model for Glasgow regeneration

9. © NERC All rights reserved Refined extent and depth of shallow mine workings using GOCAD model layers 8 km Clyde Gateway 3D Model Clyde Gateway Development sites

10. © NERC All rights reserved Uncertainty/confidence (5D? - ‘The Final Frontier’) Making models defensible and to provide data feedback Calculate from data density and geological complexity of model surfaces Low uncertainty c.<10m in XYZ, high uncertainty up to 70m in XYZ Development sites

11. © NERC All rights reserved Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits e.g. STRENGTH (or texture, grainsize, SPT, permeability) Firm to stiff laminated CLAY and SILT Firm to stiff gravelly sandy CLAY with dense sand and gravel beds Glacial Till (Wilderness Formation

12. © NERC All rights reserved Ice contact deposits (Broomhead Frm) Medium to very dense silty SAND and GRAVEL with coarser particles Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

13. © NERC All rights reserved Flood deposits (Bridgeton Mbr) Loose to medium dense silty SAND and SAND Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

14. © NERC All rights reserved Raised glaciomarine deposits Paisley Mbr) Very soft to firm laminated CLAY and SILT some local sand beds Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

15. © NERC All rights reserved Delta + River terrace (Killearn Mbr) Loose to medium dense silty sand and sand Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

16. © NERC All rights reserved Estuarine/ fluvial (Gourock Frm) Upper part very soft to very stiff CLAY and SILT occasional peat Lower part loose to medium dense SAND and GRAVEL, Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

17. © NERC All rights reserved Artificial ground Highly variable, very loose to very dense sand and gravel or very soft to stiff CLAY and SILT, natural or man-made materials Engineering property attribution of 3D models – spatial and depth variation in superficial deposits

18. © NERC All rights reserved Varying depth ground behaviour models – strength etc. Ground level 2 m depth 5 m depth Coal Measures Organic, Highly compressible (Peat) Very soft to very stiff/ loose to very dense Very soft to very stiff/loose medium dense Very soft to firm (loose) laminated (sand) SILT and CLAY Medium to very dense silty gravelly SAND and/or GRAVEL: Mixed fine and coarse Organic Firm to stiff/dense very dense Mostly fine grained Firm to stiff laminated SILT and CLAY Rock Mostly fine grained Loose to medium dense silt SAND and SAND

19. © NERC All rights reserved Mixed fine and course { Mostly fine-grained { Mostly coarse-grained { Organic soil 3D Engineering geology model - context for development, reduce ‘unforeseen ground conditions’; etc. Valuable predictive tool but not a substitute for ground investigation

20. © NERC All rights reserved Alternative property attributions Thames Gateway Redevelopment Zone Relative permeability High Low

21. © NERC All rights reserved Export models to interactive Subsurface Viewer or ArcGIS 2D Map Window3D Window Synthetic Borehole Viewer Synthetic Cross-section Window Deliver combined GSI3D/GOCAD attributed models (e.g. for Clyde Gateway regeneration area

22. © NERC All rights reserved Engineering Data - GIS To show lateral and vertical variations and summaries of data in National Geotechnical Properties Database

23. © NERC All rights reserved Groundwater-related issues Numerical groundwater modelling using ZOOM software / GSI3D conversion Shallow groundwater – surface water interaction Aquifer vulnerability Hydrogeological domains SUDS (focussed recharge) Groundwater contamination Groundwater flooding Minewaters / Water resources - Thermal Energy potential Shallow groundwater level & quality monitoring network for Glasgow – models become 4D

24. © NERC All rights reserved Catchment-scale ZOODRM recharge model (Clyde) and urban refinements ZOOMQ3D Groundwater flow model – Clyde & Thames Gateway Regeneration areas Simulated groundwater head contours and observed groundwater level point measurements ZOOM Numerical Groundwater Models 4km

25. © NERC All rights reserved Assessment of Utilities – relative aquifer vulnerability Utilities underlain by thin (<2.5m) Till represent highest vulnerability areas of Sherwood Sandstone aquifer NW England to sewerage leak Image Courtesy of Ricky Terrington

26. © NERC All rights reserved Glasgow Soils - analysed for c.50 inorganic substances; including potentially harmful As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Se SE Glasgow had world’s largest chrome processing plant in 20 th century e.g. Chromium - sampled at 1600 sites Incr conc n

27. © NERC All rights reserved GIS-based prioritisation tool to predict threats to shallow groundwater from metal pollutants in soils based on soil leaching model, pH, texture and actual soil metal concentrations GRASP - GRoundwater And Soil Pollutants Relevant to SUDS planning etc

28. © NERC All rights reserved The future – fully integrated surface-subsurface whole system environmental models for environmental management Co-authors *Joanne Merritt, Alison Monaghan, Majdi Mansour, Andrew Hughes, Brighid O’Dochartaigh, Fiona Fordyce, Dave Entwisle, Simon Price & Kate Royse & special thanks to Calum Ritchie, Helen Burke, Ricky Terrington, Holger Kessler, Steve Mathers, Sarah Arkley, Tim Kearsey, Simon Watson and many more in BGS and beyond Promoting a step- change in culture from spatial (2D) planning to volumetric (3D) and temporal (4D) planning

29. © NERC All rights reserved