1. Efficient Metric Index For Similarity Search Lu Chen, Yunjun Gao, Xinhan Li, Christian S. Jensen, Gang Chen

2. Metric space  A tuple(M,d) M: the domain of objects d: a distance function defines the similarity between the objects in M  Function d has four properties: 1. symmetry: d(q,o)=d(o,q) 2. non-negativity: d(q,o)≥ 0 3. identity: d(q,o)=0 if and only if q=o 4. triangle inequality: d(q,o)≤d(q,p)+d(o,p)

3. Metric space  For example, using edit distance as the distance function, any English word set can be a metric space.  Edit distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (i.e. insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other.

4. Problem formulation

5. MAM metric access methods  Compact partitioning methods divide the space into compact regions and try to discard unqualified regions during search  Pivot-based methods store pre-computed distances from each object in the database to a set of pivots

6. SPB-tree Space-filling curving and Pivot-based B + - tree  Generic it does not rely on the detailed representations of objects, and it can support any distance notion that satisfies the triangle inequality.  SPB-Tree Integrate the compact partitioning with a pivot-based approach by utilizing a space-filling curve and a B + - tree  Efficient similarity search algorithms effective pivots to reduce significantly the number of distance computations during the search

7. Construction framework  Pivot mapping  Space-filling curve mapping

8. Pivot mapping and triangle inequality

9. Space-filling curve mapping  If the range in metric space is discrete integers, the SFC can directly map to an integer  Considering the range of d( ) in a metric space may be continuous real numbers, -approximation is utilized to partition the real range into discrete integers. can be approximated as where the whole vector space can be partitioned into cells

11. Pivot selection  The number of pivots the appropriate number of pivots is related to the intrinsic dimensionality of the dataset.  Use HF based Incremental pivot selection algorithm (HFI) to find outliers

12. Indexing structure  A pivot table stores selected objects (e.g., o 1 and o 6 ) to map a metric space into a vector space.  A B+-tree is employed to index the SFC values of objects after a pivot mapping.  A RAF to keep objects separately and supports both random access and sequential scan

14. Bulk-loading Operation

15. Similarity search

16. kNN search

17. Cost Models estimated number of distance computations -- EDC  The overall distribution of distances from objects in O to a pivot pi is defined as: F pi (r) = Pr {d(o, p i ) ≤ r} F(r 1, r 2,..., r |P| ) = Pr {d(o, p 1 ) ≤ r 1, d(o, p2) ≤ r2,..., d(o, p|P|) ≤ r|P|}  EDC = |P| + |O|* Pr (d(q, o) is needed to compute)

18. Cost Models expected number of page accesses -- EPA  the expected number of page accesses (EPA) of a similar query can be calculated as

19. Experiments effect of parameters  Pivot number