1. The Progressive Movement Chapter 10 Section 2

2. During the years 1900 and 1916 the Progressives witnessed their greatest success. Theodore Roosevelt was considered a progressive president who came to power in 1901.

6. Differences between the Populist Party and the Progressive Party The Populist Party was more concerned with issues and problems relating to rural life. The Progressives were more concerned with reform in the cities.

7. Many Middle Class American born people opposed the alliances between political machines and immigrants in the large cities. The Middle Class wanted mayors and governors to lower taxes, reduce the cost of government, and improve public services.

8. The Governor of Wisconsin, Robert La Follette was a great leader in the fight for state reform. Direct Primary- Instead of state conventions nominating candidates for office, the voters would nominate them by direct popular vote in a primary election (an early election before the general election in November).

9. Initiative- By signing a petition, a small percentage of voters could force the state legislature to consider a proposed law. Referendum- A proposed law could be submitted directly to the people to be voted on in an election.

10. Recall- In a special election, people could vote on whether to remove an elected official from office before the end of his or her term. Australian ballot- Secret ballot. In addition to political reforms, progressives also engaged in economic, environmental, and social reforms.

11. Reform examples that the progressive worked for: Progressives in every state in the country campaigned vigorously to stop employers from exploiting children. For public health improvement, engineers and urban planners were called in to help develop new methods for sanitation and garbage removal.

12. William McKinley shortly after his second term began was assassinated. The Square Deal promised by Theodore Roosevelt was going to treat all Americans in the population equally: labor as well as business, the poor as well as the rich. The predominate philosophy of government throughout the late 1800s was that of laissez faire.

13. Stewardship Theory Stewardship theory- That the presidents had an obligation to guide the nation’s economic and political affairs. Since a depression in the 1890s caused businesses to slump and many workers to lose their jobs, Roosevelt felt that it was the responsibility of presidents to take action to create better conditions.

14. The strike that Roosevelt settled that was an example of his Square Deal philosophy was a strike of Pennsylvania coal miners in 1902. The Elkins Act (1903)- Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (created in 1887) by providing for the punishment of railroads that granted rebates (special reductions in price) to favored customers.

15. The Hepburn Act (1906)- Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to fix the rates that railroads charged for their services. It also strictly limited the free passes that railroads gave out to politicians and business owners. Roosevelt was the first president to make serious effort to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

16. Northern Securities Company v. United States in 1904- The Supreme Court concluded that the president’s move to break up Northern Securities was proper and constitutional. Roosevelt is considered a trust buster and a trust buster is a breaker of monopolistic businesses.

17. Two major conservation acts were passed: The Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) which provided money from the sale of desert lands in the West would be used to finance irrigation projects. The Inland Waterways Act (1907) provided for the appointment of a commission to study the use of the nation’s major rivers. 149 national parks under the Forest Reserve Act were created under President Roosevelt.

22. What building project did President Theodore Roosevelt undertake during his presidency?

25. William Howard Taft was Roosevelt’s choice to run for the Republican nominee for President. Why Roosevelt choose him was that Roosevelt hoped that his progressive policies would be continued by Taft. The Progressive Republicans were not happy with Taft during his presidency because it seemed too many progressives that Taft was secretly going along with selfish business interests rather than fighting for conservation and low tariffs.

26. Woodrow Wilson announced a sweeping program of economic reform, which he called New Freedom in which he proposed reforms of three kinds. A lower tariff, more effective regulation of big business, and a reformed system of banking.

27. The presidential candidates in the election of 1912 were Taft (Conservative Republican), Roosevelt (Bull Moose), Wilson (Democrat) and Eugene Debs (Socialist Party).

28. Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912. Graduated income tax- Such a tax has a rate schedule that goes higher as a person’s reported income increases. The amendment that gave congress the power to collect a tax on incomes and also removed an earlier requirement that such a tax be apportioned according to a state’s population was the Sixteenth Amendment.

30. The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)- It greatly strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Instead of the vague clauses of the original act, the new act listed specific business practices that would now be illegal. It said businesses could not grow bigger by organizing holding companies.

31. Interlocking directorship- The same people could not sit on the boards of directors in several companies. One clause of the Clayton Act that pleased union leaders was it provided that labor unions, which had been prosecuted as monopolies under the Sherman Act, could no longer be prosecuted on charges of breaking the antitrust laws.

32. The Federal Trade Commission was given the power to investigate business practices suspected of being unfair and issue orders demanding that companies “cease and desist” from acting in illegal ways, as defined by antitrust laws.

33. The differences between the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act The Clayton Antitrust Act sought to limit the growth of monopolies, the Federal Trade Commission Act sought to regulate the practices of big business.

34. The Federal Reserve Banking System makes is possible to increase or decrease the supply of currency to suit the changing needs of U.S. business. The Federal Reserve Board can influence the national economy by raising or lowering interest rates.

35. The 17th Amendment- Required that the senators from every state be elected by the voters of the state (not by the state legislatures, as in the past). This helped reduce the influence of special interests, particularly big business, in the selection of senators. The 19th Amendment- Women allowed the right to vote.

36. Woodrow Wilson did not care about African American civil liberties. During wartime, there was an emphasis on cooperation between government and big business in order to produce the greatest amount of war supplies in the shortest amount of time. Thus government stopped regulating big businesses and began working with them. After the war few citizens wanted to return to reform efforts.