1. The Effects of Chivalry and Group Size on Helping Behavior Jessica Heun Nathaniel Moore

2. Chivalry A “cultural script prescribing the preferential treatment of women by men in the contexts of protection and provision” (Altermatt, 2001). A “cultural script prescribing the preferential treatment of women by men in the contexts of protection and provision” (Altermatt, 2001).

3. Chivalry Findings More offers of assistance were found when a stranded driver was female (Simón, 1976). More offers of assistance were found when a stranded driver was female (Simón, 1976). Men are in general less aggressive and more helpful towards women than towards men (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Eagly & Crowley, 1986). Men are in general less aggressive and more helpful towards women than towards men (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Eagly & Crowley, 1986). Confusion arises when women perform chivalrous acts towards men (Ventimiglia, 1982). Confusion arises when women perform chivalrous acts towards men (Ventimiglia, 1982).

4. Chivalry and Helping Connecting factor of responsibility Connecting factor of responsibility Chivalry: cultivates responsibility to intervene in an emergency situation Chivalry: cultivates responsibility to intervene in an emergency situation Presence of others: counteracts that responsibility (diffusion) Presence of others: counteracts that responsibility (diffusion)

5. Diffusion of Responsibility As group size increases, the less likely or more slowly any one bystander will provide assistance. As group size increases, the less likely or more slowly any one bystander will provide assistance. Epileptic Seizure Study (Darley and Latane, 1969) Epileptic Seizure Study (Darley and Latane, 1969)

6. Our Hypothesis!!! Low chivalry more influenced by group size Low chivalry more influenced by group size High chivalry more resistant to outside pressure High chivalry more resistant to outside pressure

7. Step 1: Subject Variable Sample Items: Sample Items: Chivalry Scale (α =.86) - A man has an obligation to protect a woman who is in danger (Altermatt, 2001). Attitude toward Women Scale (α =.77) - Women should worry less about their rights and more about becoming good wives and mothers (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974).

8. Step 2: Manipulate Group Size Cover Story – Sign up Sheets and Backpacks Cover Story – Sign up Sheets and Backpacks

9. Step 3: Measure Helping Participant (N = 30 males) taken to room to complete questionnaire. Participant (N = 30 males) taken to room to complete questionnaire. Recording of the accident is played (timing begins). Recording of the accident is played (timing begins). 3 minute window 3 minute window

10. Results βp Group (G).37.05 Chiv (C) -.35.046 C x G.04.81

11. Interpretations - Alone: situational pressure = help - Alone: situational pressure = help - 3 others: situational pressure = don’t help - 1 other: situation ambiguous = personality factors become more influential - 1 other: situation ambiguous = personality factors become more influential - Greatest chivalry effect (difference = 1.823 minutes) - Greatest chivalry effect (difference = 1.823 minutes)

12. Future Research Self-esteem research (chivalry contingency) Self-esteem research (chivalry contingency) Agentic versus Virtuous women Agentic versus Virtuous women Chivalry in women? Chivalry in women? More than 3 minute window for helping More than 3 minute window for helping

13. Questions?

14. Sound File Sound played to participants over intercom Sound played to participants over intercom