1. Thermodynamics

2. Thermodynamics – The study of heat transformation. Temperature – A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.average kinetic energy of the particles Kelvin Scale – Based on Absolute Zero Celcius Scale – Based on boiling and Freezing of Water Fahrenheit Scale – Unknown basis, but freezing and boiling of water are 180 deg. out of phase. Thermal Equilibrium – State in which energy flow between two objects is equal and they have the same temperature. What makes an object hot?

3. Heat Flow There are 3 ways heat (Q) is transferred from one body to another. Conduction: Where particles are in direct contact with other particles in one object. Convection: Movement of a fluid or gas caused by temperature difference. Radiation: Transfer via electro-magnetic waves. Needs no matter. Travels at 3 E 8 m/s

4. Specific Heat Specific Heat (C): Amount of energy that must be added to material to raise one kg. of substance one degree Kelvin.

7. Measuring Specific Heat Calorimetry: Study of specific heats. Calorimeter: Device, seen at right, to measure specific heat. Uses principle of Conservation of Energy. Meaning that the energy lost from the heated object, is gained by the water. Needs to be closed and isolated. E A + E B = constant

10. Changes of State Temp vs. Heat for 1.0 g of ice to steam. Melting Point: Point where change from solid to liquid. Boiling Point: Point where change from liquid to gas. Heat of Fusion (H f ): Heat required to melt / freeze. Heat of Vaporization (H v ): Heat required to vaporize / condense.

11. Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

12. When to use What Equation