1. Thermal Energy Milbank High School

2. Sec. 12.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy Objectives –Describe the nature of thermal energy –Define temperature and distinguish it from thermal energy –Use the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales and convert one to the other –Define specific heat and calculate heat transfer

3. Thermodynamics “The study of heat” Kinetic-molecular theory Thermal Energy –Overall energy of motion of the particles that make up an object Temperature

4. Equilibrium/Thermometry Conduction Thermal Equilibrium Thermometer

5. Celsius and Kelvin Celsius –Water freezes at 0°C –Boils at 100°C Kelvin –Water freezes at 273 K Absolute Zero –-273°C –0 K

6. Heat and Thermal Energy Heat –The energy that flows between two objects as a result of a difference in temperature (Q) –Measured in Joules (energy) Convection Radiation Specific Heat Q = mCΔT

7. Calorimetry A device used to measure changes in thermal energy Insulated Conservation of Energy in a closed system Example Problem –Heat Transfer in a Calorimeter

8. Review Concepts… Temperature is proportional to the average ________________of its particles. Thermal energy is the measure of ______________. At absolute zero, ________________. Can you take the temperature inside of a vacuum? Which liquid would an ice cube cool faster, water or methanol? Why do easily vaporized liquids, such as acetone and methanol, feel cool to the skin?

9. Sec. 12.2 Change of State and Laws of Thermodynamics Objectives –Define heats of fusion and vaporization –State the first and second laws of thermodynamics –Define heat engine, refrigerator, and heat pump –Define entropy

10. Change of State Melting point Boiling point Heat of fusion Q = mH f Heat of vaporization Q = mH v Example Problem –Melting a Solid and Warming the Resulting Liquid

11. The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics The total increase in the thermal energy of a system is the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it Heat Engine

12. Refrigeration Refrigeration-- Cooling by evaporation. Compress & cool to liquefy a gas (outside the fridge) then boil it in a vacuum (inside the fridge) to absorb heat.

13. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy on the universe –Things become more disordered

15. Review Concepts… Can you add thermal energy to an object without increasing its temperature? When wax freezes, is energy absorbed or released by the wax? You are boiling pasta. Will it cook faster if the water is boiling vigorously or if it is boiling gently?

16. Review The second law of thermodynamics states that natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases total __________. First law of thermodynamics says that _________ + _________=___________ Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization The three types of thermal energy transfer are _________, _________, and _________.

17. Review Entropy! –How does it relate to creation/evolution? –The entropy of the universe always ___________ (increases or decreases). An internal combustion engine converts _________energy to ________ energy. _________ ________ is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one kelvin.

18. Review What does the kinetic-molecular theory state? _______________is the study of heat. When using a thermometer, energy is transferred via a process called ____________.