1. 4-Level Laser Scheme

2. He-Ne Laser

3. http://technology.niagarac.on.ca/sop/SOP-DyeLaser.html Tunable Dye Lasers

4. Diode Lasers

5. Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor lasers are light-emitting diodes within a resonator cavity that is formed either on the surfaces of the diode or externally. An electric current passing through the diode produces light emission when electrons and holes recombine at the p-n junction. Because of the small size of the active medium, the laser output is very divergent and requires special optics to produce a good beam shape. These lasers are used in optical-fiber communications, CD players, and in high-resolution molecular spectroscopy in the near-infrared. Diode laser arrays can replace flashlamps to efficiently pump solid-state lasers. Diode lasers are tunable over a narrow range and different semiconductor materials are used to make lasers at 680, 800, 1300, and 1500 nm.diodescavitycurrent junctionopticsshapeCD spectroscopyrangesemiconductornm

6. http://www.physics.unr.edu/xap/photos.html Laser Induced Fluorescence

7. Double Resonance Experiments

8. Diffraction

9. Problem Determine the Wavelength of Light

11. (N m - N n ) N m -N m

12. Harry Kroto 2004 Born Oppenheimer Separation - Electronic, Vibrational and Rotational Energy

13. Harry Kroto 2004 M e  n ’  n ”  Franck Condon II

14. Harry Kroto 2004 Ro-vib-ronic Spectra