1. Dark Energy Expanding Universe Accelerating Universe Dark Energy Scott Dodelson March 7, 2004

2. The Universe is Expanding

5. Einstein’s Equations govern evolution of Scale Factor Mass x Acceleration = Gravitational Force The extent to which expansion is speeding up Due to the contents of the universe We can learn about the contents of the universe by studying how the expansion varies with time

7. Supernovae appear fainter in an accelerating universe Accelerating universe was expanding slower in the past than non-accelerating universe Universe takes longer to get from early scale to today in accelerating universe Light has more time to travel from SN at early scale to us in accelerating universe SN appears fainter

9. Type Ia Supernovae Observed flux goes down as distance increases. Type Ia SN are standard candles (i.e. have identical luminosities), so apparent brightness measures distance. Universe expanded slower in model with Dark Energy, so distance traveled by light is greater: Expect fainter SN in Dark Energy dominated universe. Earlier times  Fainter SN  Accelerating Decelerating

10. Acceleration is surprising

11. Einstein’s Equations govern evolution of Scale Factor Mass x Acceleration = Gravitational Force The extent to which expansion is speeding up Due to the contents of the universe: Usually it is attractive, leading to deceleration

12. Energy Density + Pressure Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity: Gravitational force is proportional to Accelerating universe implies contents have negative pressure

13. Another View Expansion Rate (or the speed of the rocket) Kinetic Energy = - Potential Energy Decreases as rocket gets further from Earth

14. As universe expands, it should become more dilute …

15. Energy density due to matter decreases as universe expands Energy per particle is proportional to mass Number of particles in a fixed volume goes down as the universe expands (think of number of raisins in a fixed volume as the bread rises) Decrease in energy density leads to decrease in Expansion Rate

16. Dark energy density must not decrease with expansion!

17. Dark Energy is causing the universe to accelerate …

18. What do we know about Dark Energy? Constitutes 2/3 of energy in the universe Is smoothly distributed and invisible Doesn’t clump into galaxies like matter Has negative pressure Leads to Acceleration

19. What might dark energy be and how is it related to the rest of physics? This is the deepest question confronting physicists today. Nothing in the Standard Model of Particle Physics can be the dark energy.

21. It might be quantum mechanical fluctuations in the vacuum “Nature abhors a vacuum” Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: even in empty space, particles (and anti-particles) pop in and out for short periods of time There is energy associated with these quantum fluctuations … And they produce negative pressure!

22. Vacuum energy is called a Cosmological Constant When we calculate the energy density associated with vacuum fluctuations … The energy is too big by 128 orders of magnitude: 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

24. We have ideas … The cosmological constant calculation requires deeper understanding of quantum mechanics Perhaps the dark energy was not constant, evolves in time (this has happened in the past) Perhaps dark energy is a hint of the extra dimensions predicted by string theory

25. Joint Dark Energy Mission NASA/DOE partnership to study dark energy from space: Launch in ~2010 Bulletin: FNAL has just joined the collaboration! And we have plans …

26. Conclusions The Universe is accelerating Dark Energy is therefore the dominant constituent in the universe We do not know what dark energy is (vacuum fluctuations? Extra dimensions?) We are planning missions which will tell us