1. Finding Semantic Matches Between Conceptual Graphs University of Texas, Austin May 14, 2002

2. Talk Outline Motivation. Matching. Rewrite Rules. Applications. Future Work. Related Work.

3. Motivation Goal: Develop a matcher which can determine if two concepts are semantically alike. Problem: Discrepancies in representation. For example, the following can be represented in many different but equivalent ways. "John's hand is in a jar filled with cookies."

4. Motivation Why: A good semantic matcher has many useful applications –Rule Base: A rule firing requires a match of the consequent or antecedent. –Knowledge Acquisition: Locating relevant pieces of prior knowledge to accelerate knowledge entry. –Knowledge-Based IR: Retrieve information based on semantics. –Pattern Completion: Locate relevant pieces of knowledge to elaborate a user's concept.

5. Talk Outline Motivation. Matching. Rewrite Rules. Applications. Future Work. Related Work.

6. Matching Problem: Given two concepts, are they semantically similar? Formally, Given: C 1 : A concept. C 2 : A concept. c: A match criterion. C 1 and C 2 semantically match iff C 1  C 2   and c is satisfied.

7. Matching (cont.) A part of C 1 and C 2 intersect iff x  x', y  y', and r  r'. The general problem is called subgraph morphism in the literature and is NP complete. We are matching labeled type graphs which is polynomial. However, the matching problem is embedded within other problems. I. C1C1 C2C2

8. Match Criterion C 1 and C 2 intersecting is not enough. The match criterion must also be satisfied. Match criterion defines what type of match is being performed. Different types of criterions: –Exact match: C 1 is either isomorphic to or a subgraph of C 2. –Auto-Classification: The necessary conditions of C 1 is a subgraph of C 2 and the root of C 1 subsumes the root of C 2. –Similarity match: The intersection of C 1 and C 2 is not empty.

9. Talk Outline Motivation. Matching. Rewrite Rules. Applications. Future Work. Related Work.

10. Rewrite Rules We need rewrite rules to handle discrepancies between two representations of the same piece of information. Rewrite rules are of the form LHS  RHS. The LHS and RHS are closely coupled. As a result, a rewrite affects only that part of a concept which is an instantiation of the LHS. We envision two types of rewrites: –S ound rewrite rules. –Heuristic rewrite rules.

11. Sound Rewrite Rules Sound rewrites are universally true. They are semantics preserving. They exploit the meta-properties of relations: –transitivity, symmetry, and reflexivity. –part ascension and covers rule. Our current set of rewrites is not exhaustive. The methodology we use to populate our library of rewrites is –Identify a pattern. –Exhaustively fill out the pattern with all valid instantiations. –Generalize when possible.

12. Sound Rewrites: Transitivity Transitivity. 21 of our 97 relations are transitive.

13. Sound Rewrites: Symmetry Symmetry. 6 of our 97 relations are symmetric.

14. Sound Rewrites: Part Ascension Part Ascension. The set S of part- onomic relations is: –is-part-of –subevent-of –is-region-of

15. Sound Rewrites: Covers Transitivity and part ascension fit a more general pattern that we call the covers rule.

16. Sound Rewrites: Some More Covers Rule An excerpt of some of the covers rule from our rewrite library. *A X in the Trans., Sym., or Reflex. column indicates the relation is transitive, symmetric, or reflexive.

17. Sound Rewrites: Some Statistics on Covers We have 97 relations in our slot language * Total number of valid x  y  z combinations where the range of r and the domain of r’ are the same is 2137. Total number of valid x  y  z combinations where y is within the range z is 791. Total number of covers rule is 210. Percentages –range of r and domain of r’ the same: 9.8% –y within the range of z: 26.5% r r’

18. Sound Rewrites: Complex Rules Sound rewrites can also capture complex relationships. For example: ”The stop sign is behind the wall, which is behind the car, and the car is moving away from the wall.”

19. Sound Rewrites: Complex Rules The representation of the previous example This is an instantiation of the rewrite rule:

20. Incorporating Rewrites With the introduction of rewrites, the matching problem is redefined as: Given: C 1 : A concept. C 2 : A concept. R: A set of rewrites. c: match criterion. C 1 and C 2 semantically match iff by C 1  * C 1 ', C 1 ' semantically matches C 2 where r  R. r

21. An Example “A Man who blows up a trailer attached to the bumper of a car that he owns, which also has a chassis and a wheel, will cause the car to become detached.” c: The match criterion is exact match.

22. An Example: Intersection Intersection of C 1 and C 2. The parts of C 1 and C 2 that match directly are shown in red, but this does not satisfy the match criterion. We will align the two concepts with rewrite rules.

23. An Example: Transitivity Apply the transitivity rule for has-part.

24. An Example: Transitivity The result of apply the transitivity rule for has-part.

25. An Example: Part Ascension Apply part ascension.

26. An Example: Part Ascension

27. An Example: Covers defeated-by covers caused-by

28. An Example: Covers

29. An Example: Match Completed Intersection of C 1 and C 2 is not empty and c is satisfied

30. Heuristic Rewrite Rules Heuristic rewrites differ from sound rewrites in only one way. They are not universally true. Whether or not they hold depends on the semantics of the things involved. For example, given the heuristic rule:  This is true.This is not true.

31. Talk Outline Motivation. Matching. Rewrite Rules. Applications. Future Work. Related Work.

32. Applications Semantic matching can be applied to a variety of applications: –Knowledge Acquisition. –Rule Bases in general. –Knowledge-based IR. –Question Answering. –Pattern Completion.

33. Knowledge Acquisition Goal: To accelerate a SME's entry of knowledge by helping them locate applicable prior knowledge. Problem: –Existing KA tools do not reconcile new knowledge with existing knowledge. –They do not identify relevant prior knowledge. –SME has to be familiar with the KB in order to do knowledge entry effectively. Semantic matching can be used to locate relevant prior knowledge.

34. Knowledge-Based IR Goal: To increase precision in information retrieval on digital libraries. Problem: –Statistical Methods rely on redundancy and co- references in document. –Existing approaches either do not fully exploit the KB or are limited w.r.t. the expressiveness of the query (McGuinness, Woods). Semantic matching addresses these issues and can be applied to this problem.

35. Pattern Completion Problem: Given a user representation, elaborate it with a relevant piece of prior knowledge. This problem is useful for domains where speculation is needed (e.g. Battle Space Planning).

36. Future Work Identify more patterns to populate the library of rewrites. Identify types of discrepancies in representation that rewrites can and cannot handle. Identify the boundary of rewrites. How to index prior knowledge so search can be controlled? How best to compose two concepts for elaboration? Apply this method to described applications and verify utility through experimental studies.

37. Related Work Conceptual Graphs (Sowa). Matching –Structure mapping and analogy (Forbus, Gentner, Markman). –Using an ontology (McGuinness, Tong, Yu). –Literal similarity (Tversky). –Information processing (Les Cohen). Graph edits and term graph rewriting (Foggia, Bunke, Cook, Holder, Habel, Rozenberg).