3. red and green are opposites

4. assume red and green cancel each other net color = neutral

5. take away one red

6. net color = 1 green

7. take away two red

8. net color = 2 green

10. net color = neutral

12. net color = 2 red

13. in this arrangement … green is trapped inside. Only red balls can be added or taken away…

15. color = 2 green

17. color = 1 red

18. color = ?

19. 3 red

20. color = ?

21. 3 green

23. Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)

24. In order to understand what ions are, we need to know that…

25. + + + + + the particles that make up atoms have either Positive or negative charge

26. +++++ net charge = Zero positive and negative are opposites they cancel each other out

27. + the positive (+) particle is called a Proton

28. the negative (-) particle is called an Electron

29. +++++ in an atom, protons ( ) are in the center and electrons ( ) are on the outside +

30. +++++ only electrons ( ) can be added or taken away

31. +++++ this is an atom with 5 electrons and 5 protons

32. +++++ the atom is neutral net charge = Zero

33. +++++ 5 (-) and 5 (+) = zero charge (neutral)

34. +++++ charge = -1

35. +++++

36. +++++

37. ++++ charge = +2

38. +++++ __________

39. WHEN REMOVING ELECTRONS THE RESULTING CHARGE IS Positive neutral 1+

40. THE RESULTING CHARGE IS negative neutral 2 WHEN ADDING ELECTRONS

41. An atom with positive or negative charge is called an drum roll Ion

42. Atoms without charge are called “ Atoms”. Atoms with positive or negative charge are called “ Ions”.

43. Notice that ONLY the number of e - changes The number of protons in an Atom NEVER changes (Only electrons are added or subtracted)

44. An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation  ion with a positive charge. If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. anion  ion with a negative charge. If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na + 11 protons 10 electrons Cl 17 protons 17 electrons Cl - 17 protons 18 electrons

45. How do we know what charge our ion will have???? We need to look at our Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams -Most atoms on their own will form ions to complete their outer orbit (energy level)

46. Fluorine

47. Put simply - An atom wants to have a full outer orbit. To do this they can either: -Lose 1 or more electrons (cation + ) -Loses outer orbit Or -Gain 1 or more electrons (anion - ) -Fills outer orbit

48. How do you know which it will be? It will be whatever is easier -If it has 1 valence electron it will lose 1 and lose its outer orbit  easier to lose 1 than gain 7 - If it has 7 valence electrons it will gain 1 to get 8  easier to gain 1 then lose 7!

49. Ions In SND2D5 (GGMSS) will only be dealing with groups: 1,2,13,15,16,17 **Generally speaking, elements on the left (metals and metalloids) will lose e’ to form cations while elements on the right (non-metals) will gain e’ to form anions **

50. Shortcut Look at the periodic table Ignore the transition metals and carbon family Over top of the remaining groups write how many electrons they will Lose or gain to have a complete outer orbit (8) (Or 2 for H and He) The numbering would be +1, +2, +3, -3, -2, -1 (Above groups 1, 2, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18)

51. 10 n 0 How to properly draw ions - Draw Bohr- Rutherford Diagram Include protons and neutrons in nucleus Put square brackets around diagram Place charge top right

52. Naming Ions Positive Ions – The name is the same as the name of the element followed by ion e.g. Na+ = Sodium Ion Negative Ions – The name is determined by removing the end and adding ide e.g. Oxygen Ion = Oxide ion, Phosphorus Ion = Phosphide ion

53. Multivalent Ions -Mostly involves transition metals(Copper, Iron) but also includes Tin (Sn) -Multiple Charges are possible therefore you need more information

54. Multivalent Ions – Write the name using Roman Numerals -If you are given the Symbol with the charge you can write the name but you must include the roman numeral which represents the charge. - E.g. Cu 4+ = Copper (IV) ion - Ni 3+ = Nickel (III) ion -** I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7

55. Multivalent Ions – Write the Symbol given the name -The roman numeral in the name represents the charge on the ion. -E.g. Lead (IV) ion = Pb 4+ -Cobalt (II) ion = Co 2+ -**Multivalent Ions will always be positive because they are metals.

57. ions make up the salt you put on your eggs in ions are required for your brain to function (ions allow you to see and understand this presentation) ions affect pH ions allow you to move ions keep your blood functioning the morning