1. Being Born to Young Mother is Associated with Higher Chances of Living to 100 Leonid A. Gavrilov, Ph.D. Natalia S. Gavrilova, Ph.D. Center on Aging NORC and The University of Chicago Chicago, USA

2. High Initial Damage Load (HIDL) Idea "Adult organisms already have an exceptionally high load of initial damage, which is comparable with the amount of subsequent aging-related deterioration, accumulated during the rest of the entire adult life." Source: Gavrilov, L.A. & Gavrilova, N.S. 1991. The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood Academic Publisher, New York.

3. Practical implications from the HIDL hypothesis: "Even a small progress in optimizing the early-developmental processes can potentially result in a remarkable prevention of many diseases in later life, postponement of aging-related morbidity and mortality, and significant extension of healthy lifespan." Source: Gavrilov, L.A. & Gavrilova, N.S. 1991. The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood Academic Publisher, New York.

4. Why should we expect high initial damage load in biological systems? General argument: -- biological systems are formed by self-assembly without helpful external quality control. Specific arguments: 1.Most cell divisions responsible for DNA copy-errors occur in early development leading to clonal expansion of mutations 2.Loss of telomeres is also particularly high in early-life 3.Cell cycle checkpoints are disabled in early development

5. New Vision of Aging-Related Diseases

6. Life Expectancy and Month of Birth Data source: Social Security Death Master File Published in: Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A. Search for Predictors of Exceptional Human Longevity. In: “Living to 100 and Beyond” Monograph. The Society of Actuaries, Schaumburg, Illinois, USA, 2005, pp. 1-49.

7. Approach To study “success stories” in long-term avoidance of fatal diseases (survival to 100 years) and factors correlated with this remarkable survival success

8. How centenarians are different from their shorter-lived sibling?

9. Within-Family Study of Exceptional Longevity Cases - 1,081 centenarians born in the U.S. in 1880-1889 with known information about parental lifespan Controls – 6,413 their own siblings Method: Conditional logistic regression Advantage: Allows researchers to eliminate confounding effects of between- family variation

10. Design of the Study

11. A typical image of ‘centenarian’ family in 1900 census

12. Multivariate Analysis: Conditional logistic regression For 1:1 matched study, the conditional likelihood is given by: Where x i1 and x i0 are vectors representing the prognostic factors for the case and control, respectively, of the ith matched set.

13. Siblings Born in November Have Twice Higher Chances to Live to 100 Within-family study of 5,698 centenarians and their siblings survived to age 50

14. Maternal age and odds to live to 100 for siblings survived to age 50 Conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression N=5,778. Controlled for month of birth, paternal age and gender. Paternal and maternal lifespan >50 years Maternal ageOdds ratio95% CIP-value <201.731.05-2.880.033 20-241.631.11-2.400.012 25-291.531.10-2.120.011 30-341.160.85-1.600.355 35-391.060.77-1.460.720 40+1.00Reference

15. Question Families were quite large in the past, particularly those covered by genealogical records (large family size bias). Is the "young mother effect" robust to the family size, and is it observed in smaller families too? Or is it confined to extremely large families only? Approach: To split data in two equal parts by median family size (9 children) and re-analyze the data in each group separately.

16. Results In smaller families (less than 9 children) the effect of young mother is even larger (for siblings survived to age 50 and maternal age 20-24 years vs 40+ years): Odds ratio = 2.23, P=0.013; 95%CI = 1.18 – 4.21 Compare to larger families (more than 9 children): Odds ratio = 1.39, P=0.188; 95%CI = 0.85 – 2.27 Conclusion: "Young mother effect" is not confined to extremely large family size

17. People Born to Young Mothers Have Twice Higher Chances to Live to 100 Within-family study of 2,153 centenarians and their siblings survived to age 50. Family size <9 children. p=0.020 p=0.013 p=0.043

18. Being born to Young Mother Helps Laboratory Mice to Live Longer Source: Tarin et al., Delayed Motherhood Decreases Life Expectancy of Mouse Offspring. Biology of Reproduction 2005 72: 1336-1343.

19. Possible explanation These findings are consistent with the 'best eggs are used first' hypothesis suggesting that earlier formed oocytes are of better quality, and go to fertilization cycles earlier in maternal life.

20. Acknowledgments This study was made possible thanks to: generous support from the National Institute on Aging grant #R01AG028620

21. For More Information and Updates Please Visit Our Scientific and Educational Website on Human Longevity: http://longevity-science.org And Please Post Your Comments at our Scientific Discussion Blog: http://longevity-science.blogspot.com/

22. Final Conclusion The shortest conclusion was suggested in the title of the New York Times article about this study