3. Patterns of Discrimination Discrimination is the act of being prejudice against a person because of race, religion, or gender Discrimination existed throughout America –I–I–I–In the north, African Americans could not get good jobs –I–I–I–In the south, Jim Crow laws enforced strict separation or Segregation of the races Schools, restaurants, and other public places The struggle to overcome discrimination became known as the Civil Rights Movement

4. Opposing Segregation Early successes –(–(–(–(1947) Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play major league baseball –(–(–(–(1948) President Truman ordered the integration (mixing of ethnic groups) in the armed forces

5. The Problem We All Live With Norman Rockwell

6. Discrimination in the Schools In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the “separate but equal” policy established by Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka stated that “separate” could never be “equal” in the school system Thurgood Marshall, the attorney in the Brown case later became the first African American on the US Supreme Court The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) backed up the Brown case

7. Federal Government and Civil Rights/1950’s The governor of Arkansas used the National Guard to keep African American students from integrating into schools The governor was defying federal law President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Arkansas to protect black students

8. Organized Protests Montgomery Bus Boycott –R–R–R–Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus –S–S–S–She refused and was arrested –T–T–T–The NAACP organized a boycott of the bus service –A–A–A–After a year, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional –M–M–M–Montgomery integrated buses

9. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Dr. King (reverend) used civil disobedience and passive resistance to protest against segregation –C–C–C–Civil disobedience is a non violent protest against an unjust law –P–P–P–Passive resistance is meeting violence with non violence King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to carry on the struggle for equal rights Some gains were made, but segregation remained widespread through the 1950’s The movement gained some ground in the 1960’s

10. The Civil Rights Movement Expands Peaceful protests continue –D–D–D–Dr. King continued to lead peaceful protests through the 1960s –T–T–T–The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized “freedom rides” Freedom riders rode buses from town to town in the south to integrate bus terminals –P–P–P–Peaceful protests were often met by violence Police often used attack dogs and water hoses against protesters (many were hurt or killed) –I–I–I–In 1963, 200,000 marched on Washington D.C. to hear Dr. King speak for an end to discrimination

11. Civil Rights Laws President Johnson pushed for strong civil rights laws –T–T–T–The civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination in hiring and segregation in public places and protected the right of all citizens the right to vote –T–T–T–The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended literacy tests and allowed thousands of African Americans to vote for the first time

12. Some Protests Turn Violent Some African Americans thought non- violent protests were not working: –B–B–B–Black Panthers urged African Americans to arm themselves and be prepared to fight for their rights –I–I–I–In several cities, African American anger over poverty & joblessness exploded into violence –R–R–R–Riots took place in Watts (Los Angeles), Newark, and Detroit

13. King Assassinated During the years of riots, King remained committed to nonviolence In Memphis, Tennessee while supporting black sanitation workers, King was killed by an assassin (James Earl Ray) King’s life continued to inspire all Americans to work for peaceful change

14. Progress is Made During the 1970’s, the civil rights movement showed some results –A–A–A–African Americans won public offices across the country –B–B–B–Businesses and universities provided more opportunities through Affirmative Action programs Affirmative action programs were designed to promote minorities and women & call for the hiring or college admittance of women and minorities –W–W–W–Women’s right and rights for other minorities also made gains throughout the 1970’s

15. Conclusion:What advances were made for equality during the Civil Rights Movement? –T–T–T–The US Supreme Court reversed separate but equal and desegregated the schools –T–T–T–The federal government worked to enforce civil rights laws –T–T–T–The Armed Forces were integrated –M–M–M–MLK Jr. began to use peaceful methods to protest against segregation –M–M–M–Minorities and women made gains through affirmative action