1. David M. Brenner Curator North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station Dealing with Dormant Seeds

3. Some Dormancy Syndromes  Winter dormant – cool-moist  Hard seeds – scarification  Summer dormant – warm moist  Fire – fire or smoke What are the germination and seed maturity seasons in nature?

8. Chaerophyllum procumbens Baskin, et al. 2004. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131:126-139

9. Selected Seed Dormancy Breaking References Baskin, C.C., T.S. Hawkins, and J.M. Baskin. 2004. Ecological life cycle of Chaerophyllum procumbens variety shortii (Apiaceae), a winter annual of the North American Eastern Deciduous Forest. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 131:126-139. http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_qa4017/is_200404/ai_n936376 8 Deno, N.C. 1993-1998. Seed germination theory and practice (and supplements). Privately published from: 139 Lenor Drive, State College PA 16801 http://www.theseedsite.co.uk/normdeno.html Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong, and E.H. Roberts. 1985. Handbook of seed technology for genebanks. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. Rome http://www.apd.rdg.ac.uk/Agriculture/Staff/RHE/handbook.htm Smokemaster (A product that simulates the germination inducing effects of smoke) http://www.tecnica.com.au/regen%20smokemaster.html I (David Brenner) have not used this or the burn methods.

10. Some Dormancy Syndromes  Winter dormant – cool-moist  Hard seeds – scarification  Summer dormant – warm moist  Fire – fire or smoke What are the germination and seed maturity seasons in nature?

12. Seed Jars