1. Air Pollution in Hamilton – Health Effects and Sources, Mobile Air Monitoring July 23, 2007 Paul O’Byrne, Malcolm Sears, Neil Johnston, Denis Corr

2. Clean Air Hamilton Strategy Risk Management Approach Applied to Community Wide Actions Identify Problem Measure/Evaluate Prioritize Risks Inform Community Cooperative Actions www.cleanair.hamilton.ca

3. Rotek Environmental Clean Air Hamilton Dept of Engineering Physics City of Hamilton School of Geography and Earth Sciences Ministry of Environment Environment Canada Dept of Chemistry

4. The Problem Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003 Health Impacts of Air Pollutants in Hamilton

5. Health Impacts in Hamilton – by Air Pollutant Sahsuvaroglu & Jerrett 2003

6. (Higher Impacts on Women and Over 60s) Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction, A. Peters et al, NEJM, Oct 21, 2004 Traffic Exposure and Myocardial Infarction

7. Level of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and the Risk of Death from Cardiovascular Causes in Women Miller KA et al. N Engl J Med 2007;356:447-458

8. Study Objectives “Where is it coming from?”  Identify and rank sources, including transportation sources, of NOx, SO 2, Airborne Particles and CO, using mobile monitoring techniques (no direct local sources of Ozone).  Investigate the effect of idling vehicles at a designated school during student drop off and pickup times.  Investigate trackout/road dust issues

9. National Pollutant Release Inventory e.g, PM 10 Point Sources 56 Sources Total IDDescription LocationPM10 Tonnes ASteel Hamilton Industrial 964 BSteel Hamilton Industrial 688 DLime West Mountain 87 CCarbon Black Hamilton Industrial 73 EAggregatesEast Mountain57 FEdible OilHamilton Industrial32 GSteelHamilton Industrial23 HSteel ByproductHamilton Industrial15 ICarbonStoney Creek9 JAggregates West Mountain 7.6 KSteel Byproduct Hamilton Industrial 6.7 LManufacturingHamilton Industrial6.3 MFoundry Hamilton Industrial 5.6 NLandfill East Mountain 4 OSlag Byproduct Hamilton Industrial 4

10. National Pollutant Release Inventory Total Point Source Emissions by Contaminant COSO x NO x PM 10 30,63211,8758,1882,010 Tonnes

11. Modifiers Emission -Dispersion - Accumulation - Removal

12. What We’d Expect to See Carbon Monoxide – 66% Transportation, 23% Industry Sulphur Dioxide – 92% Industry, 5% Transportation Nitrogen Oxides – 57% Transportation, 37% Industry PM 10 – 73% Open Sources/Road Dust, 18% Industry Note: MOE identified trackout/road dust resuspension as a major problem

13. Emission Sources by Regions in Hamilton Flamborough/ Waterdown East Mtn NE Ind Stny Crk

14. Mobile Command Centre

15. City/Traffic Monitoring 1.City Wide Sampling 2.Road Dust/Road Impacts 3.Intersection Impacts 4.Arterial Road Impact/ Burlington St. 5.Cycle Routes/ Anti Idling

16. Sampling Track, City Wide Scan

17. City Wide Sampling

18. Wind NO ppb

19. Wind

20. City Wide Sampling, Residential Locations

21. Roads vs Residential Areas

22. Stoplight Idling – Concentrations Downwind

23. Burlington St. Upwind Downwind

24. Burlington St Contribution (Approx. 600 Trucks/Hr)

25. CARS

26. Vehicle Idling outside Schools “Natural Experiment”

27. Natural Experiment ppb

28. Morning – Idling Vehicles

29. Monitoring Vehicle at School

30. Afternoon – Vehicle Engines Off

31. Natural Experiment ppb

32. Trackout/Diesel Trucks 1.PM 2.5, PM 1 Components 2.Photos 3.Sample Trace 4.Consolidated PM 10 Data 5.Comparison Previous Data

33. Road Dust, Covariance 20xPM 1, 10xPM 2.5, PM 10

35. Road Dust/Trackout 18 Locations Monitored, 14 Sources Identified

36. PM10 ROAD DUST Ben Garden, Savas Kanaroglou, Pat DeLuca, Spatial analysis Unit, McMaster University

37. Source Tracking 1.Photos 2.SO 2 Tracing 3.Other Contaminants 4.SO 2 Data Consolidation 5.Source Ranking/NPRI Comparison, SO 2, NO, PM 10

38. Source C

39. B Sources B

40. Particulate B

41. Sources A

42. Source V

43. Source AY

44. All Scans 21 March

45. SO 2 Company A

46. Source Plume Back Tracking Impact Source

47. SO 2 Company A

48. NO Company A

49. 19 Jan SO 2

50. Ambient SO 2 vs NPRI SO 2 Point Sources: A-Integrated Steel, B-Integrated Steel, AN- Steel Byproducts, C- Carbon Black, G-Steel, B-Integrated Steel, A-Integrated Steel, D-Lime, CP-Rail Yard.

51. Ambient NO vs NPRI NO Point Sources: B-Integrated Steel, CP-Rail Yard, G-Steel, A-Integrated Steel, AN- Steel Byproducts, D-Lime, C-Carbon Black, AM-Cogeneration, AT-Chemical.

52. Ambient PM 10 vs NPRI PM 10 Point Sources: B-Integrated Steel, ABP-Recycling, AY-Agricultural Product Handling, AG- Aggregate or AZ-Steel Handling, AU-Recycling, AT-Chemical, M-Foundry, G-Steel, CP-Rail Yard, A- Integrated Steel, AM-Natural Gas Cogeneration Facility, C-Carbon Black.

53. Ambient CO vs NPRI CO Point Sources: AM-Cogeneration, AT-Chemical; AN- Steel Byproducts; B- Integrated Steel; A-Integrated Steel; G-Steel; C-Carbon Black; CP-Rail Yard.

54. Continuous Monitoring Locations Centre Industrial

55. NO – GIS Plot NO ppb

56. SO2

58. NE

59. Conclusions These data are limited to Winter season and for relatively short periods of time. Point sources in the industrial area are sufficiently close together that specific compounds needed to be used as tracers to separate impacts. Residential areas have relatively low levels of pollutants, however city impacts increase as distance downwind from the city edge increases. Concentrations increase sharply from residential areas to main roads, increasing again at intersections. Peak concentrations may increase by factors of 20-50. Time pattern of concentrations near intersections shows that idling vehicles at stop lights are a very significant source of pollutant exposure. Short survey near a school pickup and drop-off point showed that air pollution concentrations experienced by students can be significantly reduced by turning off engines in waiting cars.

60. Conclusions (contd) Road dust includes elevated PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1. Trackout resuspension by large diesel trucks is a major problem. Some levels doubled from same period in previous year. 14 severe Trackout locations identified and monitored. Peak ambient values of NO, SO 2, PM 10 and CO from 15 point sources were quantified and ranked. NPRI data rank industrial emissions in Hamilton in the order CO, SO 2, NO and PM 10, and total emissions in the order CO, PM 10, NO, SO 2. Mobile monitoring to date is showing an order of CO, PM 10, NO, SO 2, even in the industrial area. Large differences in distance from point source to fencelines heavily modify direct impacts compared to NPRI emissions data. Even allowing for distance variations there are significant differences between ambient and NPRI data for some sources. Other sources show good agreement. Mobile monitoring has different strengths than fixed network monitoring and both are necessary. Combination of simple GIS analysis and air pollutant monitoring proved very useful. A more sophisticated GIS analysis would be worthwhile. Data can be used to refine Regulation 419 models

61. Recommendations Move cycle lanes off main roads, innovative signage. Reduce idling emissions, including at school dropoff locations (enlist parent teacher groups). Monitor school bus idling. Prioritize trackout reduction - paving, wheel washing, front gate dust monitoring. Reinstate/enhance targeted road cleaning in industrial areas. Reduce large diesel truck trips, it’s the combination of heavy trucks and dirty roads that is a problem. Gateway monitoring of diesel exhaust at city entry/exit points, industrial arterials. Continue reducing point source remissions of SOx, NOx and PM 10 (both ambient and NPRI data) in order to improve/reduce health impacts. Review existing fixed network stations and locations to refocus on adverse health causing pollutants, e.g. NOx, monitoring gaps. Compare mobile data to MOE STAC data, more detailed GIS analysis. Review NPRI data variances with ambient. Extend mobile monitoring to other seasons for more definitive source separation in complex areas and documenting different met regime impacts, particularly inversions. Extend mobile monitoring to other communities. Use mobile data to refine local source inputs to Regulation 419 models. Disclaimer:- All recommendations and opinions are the sole responsibility of D. Corr and do not necessarily represent the policy or position of funding agencies or others.

62. Sampling Route, Hamilton

63. Traffic Modelling Julie Wallace, CSPA, McMaster

65. NO March 9 th 2007 Traffic Industry

67. Inversion Day

68. Correlation of Different Contaminants in Inversion Plume with SO 2 PollutantPM 1 PM 2.5 PM 10 CONONO 2 NO X SO 2 Correlation 0.530.570.380.530.420.640.50 Atmospheric inversons can cause severe non linear health impacts due to changes in wind direction and changes in pollutant composition 1)Three orders of magnitude greater population exposure due to changes in wind direction 2) One order of magnitude due to change in chemical mix, NO – NO 2, SO 2 –SO 3

69. NOX March 8 th,9 th,12 th,13 th 2007

70. NO2 March 9th 2007

71. NOX March 8th 2007

72. NOX March 9th 2007

73. PM 1 March 9th 2007

74. PM 2.5 March 9th 2007

75. PM 10 March 9th 2007

76. www.cleanair.hamilton.ca http://www.cleanair.hamilton.ca/reports/repo rts-news-presentations-fact-sheets.asp www.rotekinc.com

77. Future Directions Present data to Health Sciences Geoconnections proposal Incorporate data in epidemiological studies Comparative monitoring of different socioeconomic areas Different season/atmospheric conditions/inversion monitoring Study of cardiac/respiratory admissions with hard exposure data Comparative study of GTA communities

78. Future Directions Study of highway accident black spots/noise wall/valley effects Hamilton/McMaster respiratory/cardiac daily index Daily air pollution map of Hamilton/southern Ontario Air Pollution Index emission controls

79. Future Directions Anti idling campaign, particularly schools Diesel emission controls Fugitive emission controls Aldermen/ City Council/GTA/Provincial actions Masters student Advice to physicians