1. AP Macroeconomics Demand and Supply

2. Price and Quantity Price – the amount of money paid for an economic good/service – Ex. A gallon of gasoline has a price of $3.00 Quantity – the amount of items – Ex. If I buy a dozen eggs, then the quantity is 12 eggs

3. Demand Consumers’ willingness and ability to buy an item at a given price – Willingness means that buyers must want the item – Ability means that buyers must have the financial resources to afford the item It is important to understand that demand does not refer to a numerical amount but instead to a behavior.

4. The Law of Demand The price of an item determines the quantity demanded The lower the price the higher the quantity demanded – When goods/services are cheap, I tend to buy more The higher the price the lower the quantity demanded – When goods/services are expensive, I tend to buy less Therefore, the price of a good/service is inversely related with the quantity demanded

5. The Law of Demand In addition to price, there are many factors that influence how many units of a good consumers purchase. In order to predict how consumers respond to changes in one variable (price), we must assume that all other relevant factors are held constant.

6. The Law of Demand At the heart of the law of demand is a consumer’s willingness and ability to pay the going price. If the consumer becomes more willing, or more able to consume a good, then either the price has fallen or one of the external factors has changed.

7. 3 Reasons Why the Law of Demand Exists 1.Income Effect: The change in quantity demanded resulting from a change in the consumer’s purchasing power (or real income). When things are expensive, money buys less When things are cheap, money buys more 2.Substitution Effect: The change in quantity demanded resulting from a change in the price of one good relative to the price of other goods. When apples are expensive and their substitutes (pears) are relatively cheap, I buy fewer apples and more pears

8. 3 Reasons Why the Law of Demand Exists 3. Diminishing Marginal Utility Each additional unit of an item purchased gives less marginal utility (happy points) than the previous unit. Therefore, the only way I will buy more is if the price is lower. Ex. When I’m hungry, I typically will buy 2 breakfast tacos. The reason I don’t buy a third taco is because the marginal utility of the third taco is less than the price of the taco. But, if the price of the taco is less than the marginal utility of the taco, then I will buy the third taco

9. Demand Schedule Coach B’s Demand for Breakfast Tacos PriceQuantity $2.000 $1.501 $1.002 $0.503 Notice that Coach B is obeying the law of demand. Now that’s making a good choice!!!!

10. Coach B’s Demand for Breakfast Tacos P Q D Demand Curve PriceQuantity $2.000 $1.501 $1.002 $0.503 03 $2.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 21

11. Changes in Demand Increase in Demand – More quantity demanded at all prices – Demand Curve shifts  Decrease in Demand – Less quantity demanded at all prices – Demand Curve shifts 

12. P Q D D1D1 Increase in Demand

13. P Q D1D1 D Decrease in Demand

14. Demand Determinants of demand influence both the willingness and ability of the consumer to purchase units of the good or service. In addition to price the following variables account for the total demand for a good.

15. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. The following cause the entire demand curve to shift – Tastes and Preferences – Related Goods (Complements & Substitutes) – Income – Population – Expectations of future price changes

16. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. Tastes and Preferences – Preferences and tastes are affected by advertising, trends, health considerations, etc. Ex. Demand for dark chocolate has increased because research has recently shown that it has health benefits Ex. Demand for spinach decreased when the FDA discovered high concentrations of e. coli.

17. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. Related Goods – Complements – goods/services used in conjunction Ex. When the price of gasoline increases the demand for its complement, Hummers, decreases. Ex. When the price of movie tickets decreases, the demand for theatre popcorn increases. – Substitutes – goods/services used in lieu of other goods/services Ex. When the price of gasoline increases, the demand for ethanol increases. Ex. When the price of movie tickets increases, the demand for DVD’s increases.

18. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. Income of consumers – When consumers’ income increases: Demand for normal goods /services increases – Ex. More income means more demand for steak Demand for inferior goods /services decreases – Ex. More income means less demand for Top Ramen – When consumers’ income decreases Demand for normal goods /services decreases – Ex. Less income means less demand for steak Demand for inferior goods /services increases – Ex. Less income means more demand for Top Ramen

19. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. Population – More population = more demand Ex. As America’s population grows so does the demand for housing – Less population = less demand Ex. As Japan’s population declines so does the demand for education (fewer Japanese schools)

20. Changes in Demand T.R.I.P.E. Expectations of future price changes – If consumers expect prices to rise in the future, then demand increases now Ex. Prior to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, consumers expected higher fuel prices and this caused demand for fuel to increase. – If consumers expect prices to fall in the future, then demand decreases now Ex. If investors believe stock prices are going to decline, then demand for stocks decreases.

21. Supply Producers willingness and ability to sell a good/service Supply is not an amount but a behavior Holding all else equal, when the price of a good rises, suppliers increase their quantity supplied for that good.

22. The Law of Supply The price of an item determines the quantity supplied The lower the price the lower the quantity supplied – When goods/services command a low price, I tend to produce less of them The higher the price the higher the quantity supplied – When goods/services command a high price, I tend to produce more of them Therefore, the price of a good/service is directly related with the quantity supplied

23. The Reason for the Law of Supply The law of increasing marginal cost – It is more costly to produce two than one. Therefore, I must collect a higher price if I am going to produce more.

24. Supply Schedule Taco Mucho Bueno’s Supply of Breakfast Tacos PriceQuantity $2.004 $1.503 $1.002 $0.501

25. P Q S Supply Curve PriceQuantity $2.004 $1.503 $1.002 $0.501 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 4321 Taco Mucho Bueno’s Supply of Breakfast Tacos

26. Changes in Supply Increase in Supply – More quantity supplied at all prices – Supply Curve shifts  Decrease in Supply – Less quantity supplied at all prices – Supply Curve shifts 

27. P Q S Increase in Supply S1S1

28. P Q S Decrease in Supply S1S1

29. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Natural/Manmade Phenomenon Input Costs Competition Expectations Profitability of alternative goods in supply Profitability of goods in joint-supply

30. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Natural/Manmade Phenomenon – Natural disasters – Weather – Wars – Riots – Strikes – Pretty much anything not covered under your homeowner’s policy causes supply to change.

31. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Input Costs – Prices of raw materials or other factors of production – Changes in technology – Changes in productivity (efficiency gains/losses) – Government policies (business taxes & regulations)

32. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Competition – Number of producers in the market Ex. Fewer producers = less supply More Producers = more supply Competitive Market supplies more than Monopolistic Market

33. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Expectations – If producers expect prices to rise in the future, then they supply less now, so that they can sell their good/service at the future higher price Ex. If you expect your stocks to increase in value, then you are inclined to not sell them now, but instead you are inclined to sell them later at a higher price – If producers expect prices to fall in the future then they supply more now while prices are still relatively higher Ex. If you expect your stocks to decrease in value, then you are inclined to sell them now

34. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Profitability of alternative goods in supply – If farmers can make more money growing pineapples instead of bananas, then the supply of pineapples will increase and the supply of bananas will decrease – If auto manufacturers can make more money selling SUV’s instead of sedans, then the supply of SUV’s will increase while the supply of sedans will decrease Remember productive resources are scarce, therefore decisions about what to produce must be made and this entails sacrifice. Remember opportunity cost.

35. Changes in Supply N.I.C.E.P.P. Profitability of goods in joint-supply – If the supply of beef increases, then the supply of leather increases – If the supply of artichokes increases, then the supply of artichoke hearts increases Think by-products

36. Equilibrium When supply = demand, there is equilibrium in the market Equilibrium creates a single price and quantity for a good/service

37. P Q S D p q Market Equilibrium

38. Changes in equilibrium When supply or demand changes, the equilibrium price and quantity change If demand increases then price increases and quantity increases If demand decreases then price decreases and quantity decreases If supply increases then price decreases and quantity increases If supply decreases then price increases and quantity decreases

39. P Q S D p q D1D1 p1p1 q 1 Increase in Demand D .: P ↑ & Q ↑

40. P Q S D1D1 p1p1 q1q1 D p q Decrease in Demand D .: P↓ & Q↓

41. P Q S D p q Increase in Supply S .: P ↓ & Q ↑ S1S1 p1p1 q1q1

42. P Q S D p q Decrease in Supply S .: P↑ & Q↓ S1S1 p1p1 q1q1

43. Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand If supply and demand both increase then price is indeterminate, but quantity definitely increases If supply and demand both decrease then price is indeterminate, but quantity definitely decreases

44. P Q S D p q Simultaneous Increase in Supply & Demand S  & D .: P ? & Q ↑ S1S1 p1p1 q1q1 D1D1 q2q2

45. P Q S D p q Simultaneous Decrease in Supply & Demand S  & D .: P ? & Q↓ S1S1 p1p1 q1q1 D1D1 q2q2

46. Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand If supply decreases while demand increases, then price definitely increases while quantity is indeterminate If supply increases while demand decreases, then price definitely decreases while quantity is indeterminate

47. P Q S D p q Decrease in Supply w/ Simultaneous Increase in Demand S  & D .: P↑ & Q ? S1S1 p1p1 q1q1 D1D1 p2p2

48. P Q S D p q Increase in Supply w/ Simultaneous Decrease in Demand S  & D .: P↓ & Q? S1S1 p1p1 q1q1 D1D1 p2p2

49. Disequilibrium If price occurs at some point where supply and demand are not =, then disequilibrium exists. If the price is higher than the equilibrium price, then a surplus (Q s >Q D ) occurs If the price is lower than the equilibrium price, then a shortage occurs (Q s <Q D )

50. P Q S D pepe qeqe Market Disequilibrium (Price, p x, above Equilibrium Price, p e ) pxpx qsqs qdqd If price is p x, then q d < q s.: surplus exists (surplus = q s – q d )

51. P Q S D pepe qeqe qdqd qsqs If price is p x, then q s < q d.: shortage exists (shortage = q d – q s ) pxpx Market Disequilibrium (Price, p x, below Equilibrium Price, p e )

52. Causes of Disequilibrium Price floor – a minimum price for a good/service or resource determined outside of the market – Ex. Minimum wage Price ceiling – a maximum price for a good/service or resource determined outside of the market – Ex. Concert tickets sold by Ticket-master

53. P Q S D pepe qeqe Effective Price Floor (ex. Minimum wage in competitive unskilled labor market) p mw qsqs qdqd If price floor is effective, then q d < q s.: surplus labor exists

54. P Q S D pepe qeqe qdqd qsqs If price ceiling is effective then q s < q d.: ticket shortage exists ptpt Effective Price Ceiling (ex. Single price for admission to a popular concert )

55. Conclusion Markets work best when supply and demand determine the price of goods/services or resources. When forces other than supply and demand determine the price of goods/services or resources, surpluses and shortages result. Over time, the forces of supply and demand undermine artificial price controls – Ex. Black markets, ticket scalping, undocumented workers

56. 1. Market for Dallas Mavericks Tickets Event: Dallas make the NBA playoffs. ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p1 p q q1 D1

57. 2. Market for Lumber Event: OSHA (government agency) requires sawmill workers to wear new expensive safety glasses ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p q1 q S1 p1

58. 3. Market for Gasoline Event: OPEC agrees to increase quotas and export more oil ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p p1 q q1 S1

59. 4. Market for Pizza Event: incredible pizza machine doubles the amount of pizzas that can be baked in 20 minutes ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p p1 q q1 S1

60. 5. Market for Nike Shoes Event: Commerce Department reports that consumer incomes rose this year. ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p q q1 D1 p1

61. 6. Market for BMWs Event: Government puts a luxury tax of 10% on the sale of expensive automobiles. Producers pay the tax. ___ S ___ D ___ P ___Q P Q S D p q1 q S1 p1

62. Notes