1. 1 ITCS 4/5010 CUDA Programming, UNC-Charlotte, B. Wilkinson, Feb 4, 2013 Streams.pptx Page-Locked Memory and CUDA Streams These notes introduce the use of multiple CUDA streams to overlap memory transfers with kernel computations. First need to introduce paged-locked memory as streams need page-locked memory These materials come from Chapter 10 of “CUDA by Example” by Jason Sanders and Edwards Kandrot.

2. 2 Page-locked host memory (also called “pinned host” memory) Page-locked memory is not paged in and out main memory by the OS through paging but will remain resident. Allows: Concurrent host/device memory transfers with kernel operations (Compute capability 2.x) Host memory can be mapped to device address space (Compute capability > 1.0) Memory bandwidth is higher Uses real addresses rather than virtual addresses Does not need to intermediate copy buffering

3. 3 Questions What is paging? What are real and virtual addresses?

4. A process is stored as one or more distributed pages One process (application) 4 Paging and virtual memory recap Main memory Hard drive (disk) Page Real address– the actual physical address of the location Virtual address – the address, allocated to a process by the paging/virtual memory mechanism to allow the pages to reside anywhere, allocated to a process Real-virtual address translation done by a look up table, partly in hardware (translation look aside buffer, TLB) for recently used pages and partly in software Page - a block of memory using with virtual memory Pages are transferred to and from disk to make space Paging RA = 0, VA = 45 say RA = 2, VA = 46 say More information in an undergraduate Computer Architecture and Operating system courses

5. 5 Note on using page-locked memory Using page-locked memory will reduce memory available to the OS for paging and so need to be careful in allocating it

6. 6 Allocating page locked memory cudaMallocHost ( void ** ptr, size_t size ) Allocates page-locked host memory that is accessible to device. cudaHostAlloc (void ** ptr, size_t size, unsigned int flags) Allocates page-locked host memory that is accessible to device – seems to have more options Notes: “The driver tracks the virtual memory ranges allocated with this function and automatically accelerates calls to functions such as cudaMemcpy () Since the memory can be accessed directly by the device, it can be read or written with much higher bandwidth than pageable memory obtained with functions such as malloc().” http://www.clear.rice.edu/comp422/resources/cuda/html/group__CUDART__MEMORY_g9f93d9600f4504e0d637ce b43c91ebad.html

7. 7 Freeing page locked memory cudaFreeHost (void * ptr) “Frees the memory space pointed to by ptr, which must have been returned by a previous call to cudaMallocHost() or cudaHostAlloc().” Parameters: ptr - Pointer to memory to free http://www.clear.rice.edu/comp422/resources/cuda/html/group__CUDART__MEMORY_geda eb2708ad3f74d5b417ee1874ec84a.html#gedaeb2708ad3f74d5b417ee1874ec84a

8. 8 //Pinned memory test written by Barry Wilkinson, UNC-Charlotte. Feb 10, 2011. #include #define SIZE (10*1024*1024) // number of bytes in arrays 10 MBytes int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; // loop counter int *a; int *dev_a; cudaEvent_t start, stop; // using cuda events to measure time cudaEventCreate(&start); // create events cudaEventCreate(&stop); float elapsed_time_ms1, elapsed_time_ms3; /* --------------------ENTER INPUT PARAMETERS AND DATA -----------------------*/ cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_a, SIZE);// allocate memory on device /* ---------------- COPY USING PINNED MEMORY -------------------- */ cudaHostAlloc((void**)&a, SIZE,cudaHostAllocDefault); // allocate page-locked memory on host cudaEventRecord(start, 0); for(i = 0; i < 100; i++) { // make transfer 100 times cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, SIZE,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);//copy to device cudaMemcpy(a,dev_a, SIZE,cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);//copy back to host } cudaEventRecord(stop, 0); // instrument code to measure end time cudaEventSynchronize(stop); cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed_time_ms1, start, stop ); printf("Time to copy %d bytes of data 100 times on GPU, pinned memory: %f ms\n", SIZE, elapsed_time_ms1); // exec. time Test of Pinned Memory CPU memory GPU memory No address translation needed (no paging) Should have used cudaFreeHost() here! Pointer a re-used on next slide

9. 9 /* ---------------- COPY USING REGULAR MEMORY-------------------- */ a = (int*) malloc(SIZE);// allocate regular memory on host cudaEventRecord(start, 0); for(i = 0; i < 100; i++) { cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, SIZE,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);//copy to device cudaMemcpy(a,dev_a, SIZE,cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);//copy back to host } cudaEventRecord(stop, 0); // instrument code to measue end time cudaEventSynchronize(stop); cudaEventElapsedTime(&elapsed_time_ms3, start, stop ); printf("Time to copy %d bytes of data 100 times on GPU: %f ms\n", SIZE, elapsed_time_ms3); // exec. time /*--------------------------SPEEDUP ---------------------------------*/ printf("Speedup of using pinned memory = %f\n", (float) elapsed_time_ms3 / (float) elapsed_time_ms1); /* -------------- clean up ---------------------------------------*/ free(a); cudaFree(dev_a); cudaEventDestroy(start); cudaEventDestroy(stop); return 0; }

10. 10 My code

11. 11 Coit-grid06./bandwidthTest Starting... Running on... Device 0: Tesla C2050 Quick Mode Host to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s), Paged memory Transfer Size (Bytes) Bandwidth(MB/s) 33554432 1026.7 Device to Host Bandwidth, 1 Device(s), Paged memory Transfer Size (Bytes) Bandwidth(MB/s) 33554432 1108.1 Device to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s) Transfer Size (Bytes) Bandwidth(MB/s) 33554432 84097.6 [bandwidthTest] - Test results: PASSED Press to Quit... ----------------------------------------------------------- Using NVIDIA bandwidthTest Coit-grid07 bandwidthTest Starting... Running on... Device 0: Tesla C2050 Quick Mode Host to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s), Paged memory Transfer Size (Bytes)Bandwidth(MB/s) 335544324773.7 Device to Host Bandwidth, 1 Device(s), Paged memory Transfer Size (Bytes)Bandwidth(MB/s) 335544324060.4 Device to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s) Transfer Size (Bytes)Bandwidth(MB/s) 3355443284254.9 [bandwidthTest] - Test results: PASSED Press to Quit... -----------------------------------------------------------

12. 12 CUDA Streams A CUDA Stream is a sequence of operations (commands) that are executed in order. Multiple CUDA streams can be created and executed together and interleaved although the “program order” is always maintained within each stream. Streams provide a mechanism to overlap memory transfer and computations operations in different stream for increased performance if sufficient resources are available.

13. 13 Creating a stream Done by creating a stream object and associated it with a series of CUDA commands that then becomes the stream. CUDA commands have a stream pointer as an argument: cudaStream_t stream1; cudaStreamCreate(&stream1); cudaMemcpyAsync(…, stream1); MyKernel >>(…); cudaMemcpyAsync(…, stream1); Cannot use regular cudaMemcpy with streams. Need asynchronous commands for concurrent operation see next Stream stream1

14. 14 cudaMemcpyAsync( …, stream) Asynchronous version of cudaMemcpy that copies date to/from host and the device May return before copy complete A stream argument specified. Needs “page-locked” memory

15. 15 #define SIZE (N*20) … int main(void) { int *a, *b, *c; int *dev_a, *dev_b, *dev_c; cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_a, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_b, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_c, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaHostAlloc((void**)&a,SIZE*sizeof(int),cudaHostAllocDefault); // paged-locked cudaHostAlloc((void**)&b,SIZE*sizeof(int),cudaHostAllocDefault); cudaHostAlloc((void**)&c,SIZE*sizeof(int),cudaHostAllocDefault); for(int i=0;i<SIZE;i++) { // load data a[i] = rand(); b[i] = rand(); } for(int i=0;I < SIZE;i+= N { // loop over data in chunks cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_a,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_b,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream); kernel >>(dev_a,dev-b,dev_c); cudaMemcpyAsync(c+1,dev_c,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost,stream); } cudaStreamSynchronise(stream); // wait for stream to finish return 0; } Code Example Page 194-95 CUDA by Example, without error detection macros One stream

16. 16 Multiple streams Assuming device can support it (can check in code if needed), create two streams with: cudaStream_t stream1, stream2; cudaStreamCreate(&stream1); cudaStreamCreate(&stream2); and then duplicate stream code for each stream

17. 17 int *dev_a1, *dev_b1, *dev_c1; // stream 1 mem ptrs int *dev_a2, *dev_b2, *dev_c2; // stream 2 mem ptrs //stream 1 cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_a1, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_b1, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_c1, N * sizeof(int) ); //stream 2 cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_a2, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_b2, N * sizeof(int) ); cudaMalloc( (void**)&dev_c2, N * sizeof(int) ); … for(int i=0;I < SIZE;i+= N*2 { // loop over data in chunks // stream 1 cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_a1,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream1); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_b1,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream1); kernel >>(dev_a,dev-b,dev_c); cudaMemcpyAsync(c+1,dev_c1,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost,stream1); //stream 2 cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_a2,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream2); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_b2,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream2); kernel >>(dev_a,dev-b,dev_c); cudaMemcpyAsync(c+1,dev_c2,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost,stream2); } cudaStreamSynchronise(stream1); // wait for stream to finish cudaStreamSynchronise(stream2); // wait for stream to finish First attempt described in book concatenate statements of each stream

18. 18 Simply concatenating statements does not work well because of the way the GPU schedules work Page 206 CUDA by Example,

19. 19 Page 207 CUDA by Example,

20. 20 Page 208 CUDA by Example

21. 21 for(int i=0;I < SIZE;i+= N*2 { // loop over data in chunks // interleave stream 1 and stream 2 cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_a1,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream1); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_a2,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream2); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_b1,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream1); cudaMemcpyAsync(dev_b2,a+i,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyHostToDevice,stream2); kernel >>(dev_a,dev-b,dev_c); cudaMemcpyAsync(c+1,dev_c1,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost,stream1); cudaMemcpyAsync(c+1,dev_c2,N*sizeof(int),cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost,stream2); } Second attempt described in book Interleave statements of each stream

22. 22 Page 210 CUDA by Example

23. Questions