1. Section 21: Motivational Interviewing I Treatnet Training Volume B, Module 2: Updated 15 February 2008

2. Principles of Motivational Interviewing

3. 3 What are we talking about? What does “increasing motivation” mean to you?

4. 4 Motivating clients: Definition Motivational interviewing is a directive, client-centred style of interaction aimed at helping people explore and resolve their ambivalence about their substance use and begin to make positive changes.

5. 5 In other words… Many people who engage in harmful substance use do not fully recognise that they have a problem or that their other life problems are related to their use of drugs and/or alcohol.

6. 6 It seems surprising… That people don’t simply stop using drugs, considering that drug addiction creates so many problems for them and their families.

7. 7 However… People who engage in harmful drug or alcohol use often say they want to stop using, but they simply don’t know how, are unable to, or are not fully ready to stop.

8. Understanding How People Change: Models Traditional approach Motivating for change

9. 9 Traditional approach (1) Change is motivated by discomfort. If you can make people feel bad enough, they will change. People have to “hit bottom” to be ready for change Corollary: People don’t change if they haven’t suffered enough The Stick

10. 10 Traditional approach (2) If the stick is big enough, there is no need for a carrot. You better! Or else!

11. 11 Traditional approach (3) Someone who continues to use is “in denial.” The best way to “break through” the denial is direct confrontation.

12. 12 Another approach: Motivating (1) People are ambivalent about change People continue their drug use because of their ambivalence The carrot

13. 13 Ambivalence Ambivalence: Feeling two ways about something. All change contains an element of ambivalence. Resolving ambivalence in the direction of change is a key element of motivational interviewing

14. 14 Another approach: Motivating (2) Motivation for change can be fostered by an accepting, empowering, and safe atmosphere The carrot

15. Why don’t people change?

16. 16 What is the problem? It is NOT that… they don’t want to see (denial) they don’t care (no motivation) They are just in the early stages of change.

17. How do people change?

18. 18 Natural Change In many problem areas, positive change often occurs without formal treatment Stages and processes by which people change seem to be the same with or without treatment Treatment can be thought of as facilitating a natural process of change

19. 19 Faith / Hope Effect A person’s perception of how likely it is that he/she can succeed in making a particular change is a good predictor of the likelihood that actual change will occur The effect of believing (placebo) often brings about 30% of the outcomes of treatment The doctor’s / counselor’s / teacher’s beliefs can become self-fulfilling prophecies

20. 20 Brief Intervention Effect Brief interventions can trigger change 1 or 2 sessions can yield much greater change than no counselling A little counselling can lead to significant change Brief interventions can yield outcomes that are similar to those of longer treatments

21. 21 Dose Effect It is reasonable to presume that the amount of change is related to the amount (dose ) of counselling / treatment received …but this is not always the case (!!) It is possible that treatment adherence and positive outcomes are related to some other factor – such as motivation for change

22. 22 The Concept of Motivation (1) “Motivation can be defined as the probability that a person will enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy” (Council of Philosophical Studies, 1981) Motivation is a key to change Motivation is multidimensional Motivation is dynamic and fluctuating

23. 23 The Concept of Motivation (2) Motivation is influenced by the clinician’s style Motivation can be modified The clinician’s task is to elicit and enhance motivation “Lack of motivation” is a challenge for the clinician’s therapeutic skills, not a fault for which to blame our clients

24. 24 General Motivational Strategies giving ADVICE removing BARRIERS providing CHOICE decreasing DESIRABILITY practising EMPATHY providing FEEDBACK clarifying GOALS active HELPING

25. 25 The Concept of Ambivalence (2) Ambivalence is normal clients usually enter treatment with fluctuating and conflicting motivations they “want to change and don’t want to change” “working with ambivalence is working with the heart of the problem”

26. 26 Stages of Change

27. 27 Activity 1: Reflection Take some time to think about the most difficult change that you had to make in your life. How much time did it take you to move from considering that change to actually taking action.

28. 28 Stages of Change Recognising the need to change and understanding how to change doesn’t happen all at once. It usually takes time and patience. People often go through a series of “stages” as they begin to recognise that they have a problem.

29. 29 First Stage: Pre-contemplation People at this stage: Are unaware of any problem related to their drug use Are unconcerned about their drug-use Ignore anyone else’s belief that they are doing something harmful

30. 30 Second Stage: Contemplation People at this stage are considering whether or not to change: They enjoy using drugs, but They are sometimes worried about the increasing difficulties the use is causing. They are constantly debating with themselves whether or not they have a problem.

31. 31 Third Stage: Determination/Preparation People at this stage are deciding how they are going to change They may be ready to change their behaviour They are getting ready to make the change It may take a long time to move to the next stage (action). ?

32. 32 Fourth Stage: Action People at this stage: Have begun the process of changing Need help identifying realistic steps, high-risk situations, and new coping strategies

33. 33 Fifth Stage: Maintenance People in this stage: Have made a change and Are working on maintaining the change

34. 34 Relapse People at this stage have reinitiated the identified behaviour. People usually make several attempts to quit before being successful. The process of changing is rarely the same in subsequent attempts. Each attempt incorporates new information gained from the previous attempts.

35. 35 Relapse Someone who has relapsed is NOT a failure! Relapse is part of the recovery process.

36. 36 Stages of Change

37. 37 Helping people change Helping people change involves increasing their awareness of their need to change and helping them to start moving through the stages of change. Start “where the client is” Positive approaches are more effective than confrontation – particularly in an outpatient setting.

38. Questions? Comments? 38