1. Native American Tribes
The Onondaga, Modoc,
Navajo, & Iroquois

2. The Onondaga
The Onondaga is a Native American tribe located in what is now the central part of New York state.
They are one of six tribes that are part of the League of the Iroquois.
The League of the Iroquois met in Onondaga which served as their capital.

3. Onondaga History The Onondaga have been around since around 1200 AD.
During the American Revolutionary War, the Onondaga remained neutral until the Americans attacked their main village. They then joined the side of the British along with most of the League of the Iroquois.
When America gained independence, many Onondaga went to Six Nations, Ontario.
In 1794, the Onondaga signed the Treaty of Canandaigua. This treaty made it so that the United States acknowledged the Onondaga’s right to their homeland.

4. Important Things to Know About the Onondaga
They were a
very influential
tribe.
They lived in
villages of
wood, bark
longhouses.
Related families
lived together.
They acquired the French language from Canada.
They did not believe in fighting.
They left the Confederation during the American Revolution.

5. The Modoc
Originally lived in northeastern California and central southern Oregon.
Currently live in Oregon and Oklahoma and are recognized as the Klamath Tribes in Oregon and the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma.

6. Modoc History
They were hunters and fishermen who migrated seasonally to hunt and gather food.
In the winter, they created homes that were dug-out lodges which looked like beehives and were made with sticks and mud.
The tribe raided emigrants who travelled on the Applegate Trail.
In 1852, the tribe killed almost all of one of the trains, so settlers from Yreka, California went to avenge their deaths.
Hundreds of settlers were killed by the Modoc, but just as many Modoc were probably killed by the settlers.

8. Modoc History Continued
A treaty was signed with the United States in 1864 that caused the Modoc to leave their homeland and move onto a reservation in Oklahoma.
They were unhappy with the reservation and in 1870 a band of Modoc left the reservation and settled near the Lost River, close to their homeland.
In 1872 the U.S. Army tried to force the Modoc to return to the reservation. War broke out, and finally in
1873 the Modoc lost.
In 1907, the Modoc were allowed to return to
their homeland. Some returned, but most
stayed on the reservation.

9. Important Things to Know About the Modoc
They are fishermen and hunters
Lived in Oregon and California, then moved to Oregon
Banded together as one group during war time
Were hostile to American troops
Their tribe is currently very small

10. The Navajo
The Navajo are from the southwest, with most of their tribe members living in Arizona and New Mexico.
The Navajo are the largest federally recognized Native American
tribes in the
United States.

11. Navajo History
Before contact with the Pueblo and Spanish, the Navajo were hunters and gatherers. After contact with the Pueblo, they began planting crops. After contact with the Spanish, they began herding sheep and goats.
The Navajo and Apache are believed to have migrated from Alaska and western Canada around 1400 AD.
Lived in hogans which are
made from wood and mud.
The Navajo tribe is normally
matrilineal.

12. Navajo History Continued
In 1846, the US signed a peace treaty with the Navajo, but neither groups honored the treaty.
In 1849, the US signed a treaty with the Navajo allowing the US to build forts on Navajo land.
In 1861, the US began attacking the Navajo in great numbers. They began a scorched earth campaign which killed Navajo, and destroyed their land, crops, and homes. Two years later, the final Navajo surrendered.
In 1864, the Navajo were forced to walk 300 miles to Fort Sumner in New Mexico for internment, but this failed.
In 1868, the US signed a treaty allowing the Navajo to return to a reservation on a small portion of their homeland.

13. Important Things to Know About the Navajo
Largest Native American Nation in the United States
Fierce warriors and hunters in the Southwest
Eventually intermarried with the Pueblo people and became weavers
In 1864, they were driven from their territory by the US Army
Continued culture on a reservation

14. The Iroquois
The Iroquois  are comprised of the Six Nations: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora.
Most Iroquoian people have a matrilineal kinship and women have a strong influence.

15. Iroquois History
Most believe the League was formed sometime between 1450 and 1600.
In the 1600s, they fought the Beaver Wars against the French and other Native American tribes to try to gain control of the beaver fur trade. In 1701 they signed the Great Peace of Montreal with the French.
During Queen
Anne’s War,
they planned
attacks
against the
French.

16. Iroquois History Continued
During the French and Indian War, the Iroquois sided with Britain against the French and Algonquian, both of whom were the Iroquois’s traditional enemies.
After the American Revolution, most of the Iroquois moved to Canada. Those who stayed in New York, were forced to live on reservations.

17. Important Things to Know About the Iroquois
Lived in New York State
Formed the Iroquois Constitution of Five Nations
Tribes were democratic in their process