1. Review of Cost Talking costs are the best way to convincing a business about safety Costs has Direct & Indirect Component Indirects are difficult to measure and expected to be higher Study to calculate indirect conducted by Hinze is approximate but a good start

2. Problem Areas in Construction Safety Problem Areas Problem Regulations Analysis of different Causes Problems in Injury Coding Focus of OSHA Inspections

3. Problem Areas  Typical classification of Construction Accidents Falls Struck-by incidents Caught-in/between incidents Electrical shock Other

4. Distribution of construction fatalities (1985-89)

5. Distribution of construction fatalities (’00 – ‘04)

6. Comparison

7. Falls  Falls – most common source of fatalities  The most common falls were as follows : Off roof In scaffolding collapse Off scaffolding45% In structure collapse Through floor opening Off ladder Off structure Through roof opening Off edge of open floor Off beam support

8. FALL ATTRIBUTES Most Falls from Work Performed on Roofs Most falls caused by external forces Average Fall 46.8 ft Shortest Fall 5 ft. - Fell from a truck

9. Struck-by Incidents  The specific circumstances of the struck-by incidents can be ranked as follows: Worker struck by falling object Worker run over by heavy equipment Worker struck by crane, boom or load Worker run over by private vehicle Worker struck in trench cave-in 70%

10. Caught-in/between incidents  The specific circumstances of incidents where workers were caught in or between objects, are ranked as follows: Trench cave-in } 32% Worker caught between pieces of heavy equipment Overturning of heavy equipment or machinery Worker caught in moving part of heavy equipment 62%

11. CAUGHT-IN BETWEEN ATTRIBUTES 32 % attributed to Trench Cave-in 60% of these in shallow trenches < 10ft Why shallow trenches & not deep trenches ?

12. Electrical Shock  The most prevalent causes of construction worker electrocution are: Direct contact with live wire } 20%. Contact of crane boom with Power line } 14% 45%. Contact of materials with power line. Contact of ladder with power line Analysis was difficult as In many cases there were no witnesses

13. Other  The most common causes of fatality included in the this category were as follows: Toxic gas or lack of oxygen Poor personal health Fire Drowning

14. Problems with Injury Coding  Inconsistent coding of the event types does not facilitate accuracy, and all deductions pertaining to trends and patterns may be ill founded. e.g. A labourer was laying pipe in a trench when he was struck by an overhead energized line when the elbow of back hoe made contact and caused the line to fall. The energized line struck the employee diagonally across the chest and hip. The employee then fell across the line in the trench causing the electrocution. [Accident Code: struck-by incident]

15. Fall-Protection Video OSHA e-cat tool

16. Understanding the Tables 80-90 Largest No. of High-Penalty $$ – List #1 Largest No. of Willful violation – List #2 Largest No. of Violations – Table 5.1 85-94 Highest No. of Violations – Table 5.3 Highest No. Serious Violations – Table 5.4 High Prop. of Serious Viol. - Table 5.5

17. Greatest No. High Penalties High Penalties > $ 5000

18. Willful Violations (85-90) Employers are aware but blatantly Ignore

19. Largest # Violations (80-90)

20. Highest Number of Violations (85-94)

21. Highest No. Serious Violations

22. Proportion of Serious Violations

23. SITUATION

24. RESULT While it was lowered, the concrete pipe hit a brace for the gutter. The wire rope slackened momentarily and let itself slip off the hook. It went straight down, directly hitting a worker below. He was killed.