2. 4.4.1Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive (traveling) wave. 4.4.2State that progressive (traveling) waves transfer energy. 4.4.3Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves. 4.4.4Describe waves in two dimensions, including concepts of wavefronts and of rays. 4.4.5Describe the terms crest, trough, compression and rarefaction. 4.4.6Define the terms displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

3. Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive (traveling) wave.  Consider a taught rope which is anchored securely to a table:  You can send a single wave pulse through the rope by moving your hand up and then down exactly once:  Or you can repeat the motion to produce a continuous traveling wave: Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics FYI  Note that the rope doesn’t travel to the right. The rope particles vibrate up and down.

4. Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive (traveling) wave.  Instead of using a rope to transmit a wave let’s use a spring:  You can send a single wave pulse through the spring by moving your hand forward and backward exactly once (push and pull):  Or you can repeat the motion to produce a continuous traveling wave: Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics FYI  Note that the spring doesn’t travel to the right. The spring particles vibrate left and right.

5. State that progressive (traveling) waves transfer energy.  Consider a taught rope which is anchored securely to a table:  If we send a single wave pulse through the rope we see that when it reaches the end, it can do work on the mass:  Note that in this case work was done against gravity in the form of an increase in the gravitational potential energy of the mass.  You can think of the energy being transferred from your hand to the mass via the momentum or E K of the particles while they vibrate. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics ∆E P = mg∆h ∆h∆h

6. Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves.  Both the rope and the spring were examples of traveling waves, and both traveled in the positive x-direction.  We call the material through which a wave propagates the medium. So far we have seen examples of two mediums: rope and spring steel.  The rope transferred its wave pulses by vibrations which were perpendicular to the direction of the wave velocity.  Any wave produced by vibrations perpendicular to the wave direction is called a transverse wave. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics v

7. Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves.  The spring transferred its wave pulses by vibrations which were parallel to the direction of the wave velocity.  Any wave produced by vibrations parallel to the wave direction is called a longitudinal wave. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics v

8. Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics PRACTICE: Categorize a water wave as transverse, or as longitudinal.  If you have ever been fishing and used a bobber you should know the answer:  Firstly, the wave velocity is to the left.  Secondly, the bobber vibrates up and down.  Thus the water particles vibrate up and down.  Thus water waves are transverse waves. v Transverse waves are perpendicular to the wave velocity.

9. EXAMPLE:  Consider a speaker cone which is vibrat- ing due to electrical input in the form of music.  As the cone pushes outward, it squishes the air molecules together in a process called compression.  As the cone retracts, it separates the air molecules in a process called rarefaction.  Since the vibrations are parallel to the wave velocity, sound is a longitudinal wave. Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics v

10. Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudinal waves.  A “microscopic” view of a sound wave may help: Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Pulse Generator FYI As you watch the simplified animation observe…  there is a pulse velocity v.  there is a compression or condensation.  there is a decompression or rarefaction.  the particles are displaced parallel to v. Suppose the distance from the generator to the wall is 5 m and the pulse took 22 s to reach the wall. Then the speed of sound in this medium is v = 5 m / 22 s = 0.23 m s -1.

11. As you watch this animation look at the circular wave fronts as they travel through space from the sound source. Observe further that the waves in the red sectors are out of phase with the waves in the blue sector. By how much?

12. Describe waves in two dimensions, including concepts of wavefronts and of rays.  Looking at a snapshot of the previous 2D animation we can label various parts:  The wavefronts are located at the compressions.  The rays are drawn from the source outward, and show the direction of the wave velocity. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics FYI  Rays and wavefronts are perpendicular.

13. Describe the terms crest, trough, compression and rarefaction.  Compare the waves traveling through the mediums of rope and spring. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics CREST TROUGH COMPRESSION TRANSVERSE WAVE LONGITUDINAL WAVE RAREFACTION

14. Displacement y x Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  Here is an animation of transverse wave motion created by placing each of the blue particles of the medium in simple harmonic motion.  As you watch the animation note -each particle has the same period T. -each particle is slightly out of phase. -the wave crest appears to be moving left. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

15. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  Consider a snapshot of the following identical mass/spring systems, each of which is oscillating at the same period as the system to the right.  Note that they are all out of phase in such a way that they form a wave as you move in the x- direction.  At each position x we have a different value y.  The systems at x 1 and x 2 are ¼ cycle out of phase. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics x y x1x1 x2x2

16. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  Now we see the same system a short time later:  The mass at x 1 has gone lower.  The mass at x 2 has gone lower.  Which way does it appear the wave is travel- ing? Left or right? Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics x y x1x1 x2x2 x y x1x1 x2x2 t 1 (from last slide) t 2 (a short time later)

17. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  If we look at either of the graphs we can define various wave characteristics:  The signed distance from the equilibrium position is called the displacement. In this graph it would be the y value.  At a horizontal coordinate of x 1 along the length of the wave train we see that its displacement y is (-), whereas at x 2 we see that y is (+).  The amplitude is the maximum displacement. The amplitude is just the distance from crest to the equilibrium position. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics x y x1x1 x2x2 t 2 (a short time later)

18. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  If we look at either of the graphs we can define various wave characteristics:  The length in the horizontal dimension over which a wave repeats itself is called a wavelength represented with the symbol (the Greek lambda).  The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest (or trough to trough).  The period T is the time it takes a wave crest to travel exactly one wavelength. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics x y x1x1 x2x2 t 2 (a short time later)

19. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  The speed at which a crest is moving is called the wave speed. This is really a measure of the rate at which a disturbance can travel through a medium.  Since the time it takes a crest to move one complete wavelength ( ) is one period (T), the relation between v, and T is  Finally frequency f measures how many wave crests per second pass a given point and is measured in cycles per second or Hz. Again, f = 1/T. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics v = /T relation between v, and T f = 1/T relation between f and T

20. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics PRACTICE: A spring is moved in SHM by the hand as shown. The hand moves through 1.0 complete cycle in 0.25 s. A metric ruler is placed beside the waveform. (a) What is the wavelength?  = 4.7 cm = 0.047 m. (b) What is the period?  T = 0.25 s. (c) What is the wave speed?  v = /T = 0.047/0.25 = 0.19 m s -1. 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 CM

21. Define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, wave speed, and intensity.  Intensity is the rate energy is being transmitted per unit area and is measured in (W m -2 ). Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics I = power/area definition of intensity EXAMPLE: A 200. watt speaker projects sound in a spherical wave. Find the intensity of the sound at a distance of 1.0 m and 2.0 m.  Note that whatever power is in the first wavefront is also in all the subsequent ones.  The area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4  r 2.  For r = 1 m: I = P/(4  r 2 ) = 200/4  1 2 = 16 W m -2.  For r = 2 m: I = P/(4  r 2 ) = 200/4  2 2 = 4.0 W m -2.  Doubling your distance reduces intensity by 75%!

22. 4.4.7Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. 4.4.8Derive and apply the relationship between wave speed, wavelength and frequency. 4.4.9State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free space. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

23. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement d of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement d. (a) Use the graphs to determine the amplitude of the wave motion.  Amplitude (maximum displacement) is 0.004 m. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Either graph gives the correct amplitude.

24. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement d of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement d. (b) Use the graphs to determine the wavelength.  Wavelength is measured in meters and is the length of a complete wave. = 2.4 cm = 0.024 m. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 2 must be used since its horizontal axis is in cm (not s as in Graph 1).

25. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement d of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement d. (c) Use the graphs to determine the period.  Period is measured in seconds and is the time for one complete wave. T = 0.3 s. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1 must be used since its horizontal axis is in s (not cm as in Graph 2).

26. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement d of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement d. (d) Use the graphs to find the frequency.  This can be calculated from the period.  f = 1/T = 1/0.3 = 3 Hz. [3.333 Hz] Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

27. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement d of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement d. (e) Use the graphs to find the wave speed.  This can be calculated from and T.  v = /T = 0.024 / 0.3 = 0.08 m s -1. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

28. PRACTICE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement y of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement. (a) Use the graphs to determine the amplitude and wavelength of the wave motion.  Amplitude (maximum displacement) is 0.002 m.  Wavelength is 0.3 cm =.003 m. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 2 must be used for since its horizontal axis is in cm.

29. PRACTICE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement y of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement. (b) Use the graphs to determine the period and the frequency.  Period (cycle time) is 0.25 ms = 0.00025 s.  Frequency is calculated from period.  f = 1/T = 1/0.00025 = 4000 Hz. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1 must be used for T since its horizontal axis is in ms.

30. PRACTICE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement y of a traveling wave. Graph 2 shows the variation with distance x along the same wave of its displacement. (c) Use the graphs to determine the wave speed.  Wave speed is a calculation.  v = /T = 0.003/0.00025 = 10 m s -1 [12 m s -1 ]. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics

31. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a single particle in the medium carrying a longitudinal wave moving in the +x direction. (a) Use the graph to determine the period and the angular frequency of the particle’s SHM.  The period is the time for one cycle. T = 0.2 s.  = 2  /T = 2  /0.2 = 30 rad s -1. [31.4] Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1

32. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a single particle in the medium carrying a longitudinal wave moving in the +x direction. (b) Use the graph to determine the maximum velocity of the particle.  The particle’s amplitude is x 0 = 2 cm =.02 m.  v 0 = v max =  x 0 = 31.4(0.02) = 0.6 m s -1. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1

33. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a single particle in the medium carrying a longitudinal wave moving in the +x direction. (c) Use the graph to determine the maximum acceleration of the particle.  a max =  2 x 0 = 31.4 2 (0.02) = 20 m s -2. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1

34. EXAMPLE: Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a single particle in the medium carrying a longitudinal wave moving in the +x direction. (d) Use the graph to determine the velocity of the particle at t = 0.125 s.  v is the slope of the tangent in x vs. t:  v = ∆x/∆t = 0.04/0.9 =.04 m s -1 (+x-dir). Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 1 rise =.04 m Always maximize your slope triangles for accuracy. run = 0.9 s

35. EXAMPLE: Graph 2 shows the variation of the displacement x with distance d from the beginning of the wave at a particular instant in time. (e) Use the graph to determine the wavelength and wave velocity of the longitudinal wave motion.  Wavelength is the length of a complete cycle.  = 16 cm = 0.16 m.  v = /T = 0.16/0.2 = 0.8 m s -1. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 2

36. EXAMPLE: Graph 2 shows the variation of the displacement x with distance d from the beginning of the wave at a particular instant in time. (f) The above diagram shows the equilibrium position of 6 particles in the medium. Using  ’s, indicate the actual positions of each of the six particles at the instant shown in Graph 2. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 2

37. EXAMPLE: Graph 2 shows the variation of the displacement x with distance d from the beginning of the wave at a particular instant in time. (g) In the diagram above label the center of a compression with a C and the center of a rarefaction with an R. Draw and explain displacement-time graphs and displacement-position graphs for transverse and longitudinal waves. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics Graph 2 C R

38. Derive and apply the relationship between wave speed, wavelength and frequency.  From the above relations we can very quickly derive the last formula for this section:  v = /T v = (1/T) v = f. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics v = /T relation between v, and T f = 1/T relation between f and T v = f relation between v, and f EXAMPLE: A traveling wave has a wavelength of 2.0 cm and a speed of 75 m s -1. What is its frequency?  Since v = f we have 75 =.02f or f = 3800 Hz.

39. State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free space.  All of us are familiar with light. But visible light is just a tiny fraction of the complete electromagnetic spectrum. Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 10 18 Frequency f / Hz Radio, TV Cell Phones Infrared Light X-Rays The Electromagnetic Spectrum Microwaves Ultraviolet Light Gamma Rays 700600500400 Wavelength / nm

40. State that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free space.  In free space (vacuum), all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed v = 3.00  10 8 m s -1.  We use the special symbol c for the speed of light. Thus Topic 4: Oscillations and waves 4.4 Wave characteristics c = f relation between c, and f where c = 3.00  10 8 m s -1 PRACTICE: The wavelength of a particular hue of blue light is 475 nm. What is its frequency?  1 nm is 1  10 -9 m so that = 475  10 -9 m.  c = f so that 3  10 8 = (475  10 -9 )f.  f = 6.32  10 14 Hz. 700600500400 Wavelength / nm