1. What kinds of patriotic rituals do the school girls participate in?

2. The Pledge of Allegiance “I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Repulic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all”: written in 1892 to commemorate 400 th anniversary of Columbus’s arrival in America by children’s magazine Took out the words “fraternity” and “equality” Addition of “flag of the United States” in 1923, for new immigrants who might be confused about which flag they were loyal to Salute removed in 1942 (too much like “Heil Hitler”) Addition of “under God” in 1954 during Cold War (vs. “Godless” Communists)

3. 1915, New York Tribune

4. Challenge by Jehovah’s Witnesses Considered the pledge idolatry; to worship something other than God Supreme Court (1943): public school students not required to say the Pledge

5. Australian Citizenship Affirmation As an Australian citizen I affirm my loyalty to Australia and its people, Whose democratic beliefs I share, Whose rights and liberties I respect, And whose laws I uphold and obey

6. Do they work in creating national feeling?

7. What do these patriotic rituals mean for young women’s roles?