1. Information Systems for Water, Land & Ecosystems Concepts, examples, links to Basins

2. Agro-ecosystem Health Surveillance Harnessing science and technology to provide Reliable, comparable, and locally relevant information on ecosystem health status, risks and intervention outcomes

3. Basic problem There is a lack of coherent and rigorous sampling and assessment frameworks that enable comparison of data (i.e. meta- studies) across a wide range of environmental conditions... and scales

4. Existing data and maps generally do not reflect ecosystem functional properties The things we really want to know about ecosystem health and management Nutrient supply and retention Water infiltration and storage Water productivity Ability to resist erosion Carbon stocks and sequestration potential Woody cover Wildlife habitat Hydrological functioning Furthermore...

5. Ecosystem Health Surveillance A science-based approach Identify ecosystem health problemsEstablish quantitative objectives for ecosystem health promotion Provide information for the design and planning of intervention programmes/ resource allocation prioritiesDetermine the impact of specific interventionsIdentify research, service and training needs for different stakeholder groups

6. Surveillance Science Principles Statistical sampling of populations (of land units) Standardized measurement protocols Rapid screening tests to measure health indicators & establish problem prevalence Assessment of risk factors associated with problems (e.g. modifiable/non-modifiable factors) Meta-analysis as basis for design and evaluation of interventions (individual, population) Integration of surveillance systems into policy and practice

7. Common problem features Rapidly increasing burden of health problems in developing countries Problems often occur together as syndromes, with a common set of symptoms. Health problems exist as a continuumProblems are associated with a range of physical, biological, social and economic determinants (or risk factors), both at individual and population levels.Risks are often inter-related and act together to cause a health problem. Proximal to distal.Risks are generally greater for the disadvantaged - poverty is a major risk factor.Risk factors are often separated from outcomes in time - difficult to establish causality.Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of interventions is complex, must consider many factors. Different stakeholder groups perceive risks differently, requiring two-way communication processes.Few resources are allocated to surveillance in developing countries - challenges how best to communicate surveillance and research findings in this setting, which still needs much local research.

8. Land health survellance Consistent field protocol Soil spectroscopy Coupling with remote sensing Prevalence, Risk factors, Digital mapping Sentinel sites Randomized sampling schemes

9. Outcomes Investment decisions of international donors National policy and science District planning and local private/public extension target key constraints Private sector investment in agric support services A new generation of scientists skilled in surveillance science Links to public health surveillance (InDepth)

10. Digital Soil Mapping & Soil Health Surveillance

11. Ethiopia Soil Information System EthioSIS is adopting a new, innovative technological approach that allows for quick, high-resolution coverage of the country, combining remote sensing data and ground tests

13. Spectral Diagnostics – Capacity Building IAMM, Mozambique AfSIS, Sotuba, Mali AfSIS, Salien, Tanzania AfSIS, Chitedze, Malawi ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya CNRA, Abidjan, Cote D’Ivoire KARI, Nairobi, Kenya ICRAF, Yaounde, Cameroon Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan, Nigeria IAR, Zaria, Nigeria ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya Planned Eggerton University, Kenya ATA, Ethiopia (6) IITA (3) Personal request for info Business interests Capacity building 500 visitors in 2011

14. Policy-relevant messages The Africa soil resource base is at rock bottom Multiple nutrient problems Needed investments in basic soil fertility have not been made Must be a national priority for sustainable development Kernel density plots

15. Living Standards Measurement Study Integrated Surveys on Agriculture LSMS-IMS Improve measurements of agricultural productivity through methodological validation and research Responding to policy needs to provide data to understand the determinants of social sector outcomes. Soil fertility monitoring component Two pilot countries

16. Africa Agricultural Monitoring System The Africa Monitoring System was launched in March 2012 with a $10 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation The project is lead by Conservation International with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa and the Earth Institute, Columbia University. This tracking and diagnostic system aims to monitor agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and human health with near-real-time and multi-scale data into an open-access online dashboard that policy makers will be able to freely use and customize to inform smart decision making. The three-year project is expected to set the stage for a larger global- monitoring system.

18. Agro-ecosystem health surveillance Integrate multiscale water, land and ecosystem surveillance - also with human health surveillance Two-pronged approach Build the basic data sets to feed multiple applications Work backwards from specific user demands to refine data collection & tools

19. Rainbow water, the missing colour Meine van Noordwijk (ICRAF) Grey water: added focus on pollution, cleansing and re-use  water shortage relates to ‘quality’ Rainbow wa- ter closes the hydrological cycle, adds the concept of terrestrial evapotranspi- ration as ‘recycling’ Blue water: traditionally hydrology studies water flow in rivers, its use for irrigation, industrial & domestic uses  water shortage & floods Green water: realized that water use in ‘upper watersheds’ is increased by forests & trees

20. 20 Pending Decisions that could transform the Mekong Region