1. Centrifugal Li Granule Injection (Can Injected Lithium Granules Trigger ELMs?) D.K. Mansfield, A.L. Roquemore, H.K. Kugel (PPPL), L.R. Baylor, R. Maingi (ORNL), P. Parks & Wen Wu (GA) and the NSTX Research Team International Symposium on Lithium Applications Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory April 27 – 29, 2011 NSTX Supported by College W&M Colorado Sch Mines Columbia U CompX General Atomics INL Johns Hopkins U LANL LLNL Lodestar MIT Nova Photonics New York U Old Dominion U ORNL PPPL PSI Princeton U Purdue U SNL Think Tank, Inc. UC Davis UC Irvine UCLA UCSD U Colorado U Illinois U Maryland U Rochester U Washington U Wisconsin Culham Sci Ctr U St. Andrews York U Chubu U Fukui U Hiroshima U Hyogo U Kyoto U Kyushu U Kyushu Tokai U NIFS Niigata U U Tokyo JAEA Hebrew U Ioffe Inst RRC Kurchatov Inst TRINITI KBSI KAIST POSTECH ASIPP ENEA, Frascati CEA, Cadarache IPP, Jülich IPP, Garching ASCR, Czech Rep U Quebec

2. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) No lithium (129239); 260mg lithium (129245) Without ELMs, impurity accumulation increases radiated power and Z eff H. Kugel, B. LeBlanc, R.E. Bell, M. Bell Lithium Coating Reduces Deuterium Recycling, Suppresses ELMs & Improves Confinement in NSTX 2

3. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Points to be Made Injecting small, slow Li granules should trigger ELMs A simple prototype injector allows scans of size, speed and frequency so ELM physics can be explored efficiently Long-pulse injection possible for Dia = 0.2 - 1.5 mm, Vel = 0 - 100 m/s, Freq = 0 - 500 Hz This concept allows other non-cryogenic “pellets” to be injected ( Li, LiD, Be, B …) “Synchronized engineering masterpiece” will follow… 3

4. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) 14 Hz Pellets No Pellet Comparison 1.52.02.53.03.5 Density Div D  Pellet 3.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 (10 14 cm -2 ) 4 2 6 0 4 2 6 0 (a.u.) Time (s) ITER shape  N = 1.8 1.8 mm D 2 Pellets 100-150 m/s Larry Baylor Demonstration of ELM Pacing by Deuterium Pellets with No Fueling on DIII-D 4

5. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) ELM triggered No ELM triggered ? ELM triggered No ELM triggered ELM Triggering Boundary ? Li ELM Triggering Boundary ? DIII-D results indicate thresholds of D pellet sizes and speeds exist for reliable ELM pacing. A hypothetical curve is drawn by hand on the right indicating where a threshold boundary may exist. (shown in yellow) A second hypothetical curve for Li granules is shown (in grey). This curve is meant to indicate that lower speeds and small sizes may be needed with Li granule injection. The crossed lines indicate the chosen design parameters for the prototype Li. Lessons Learned from Successful ELM Pacing Experiments on DIII-D using D Pellets Larry Baylor 5

6. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Paul Parks, Wen Wu Deposited Li Density vs r/a Linear Temperature and Density Profiles Assumed for Pedestal: Te (r/a = 1) = 0 Te(r/a = 0.94) = 1 keV ne(r/a = 1 ) = 0 ne(r/a = 0.94) = 5 x 10 13 cm -3 Reasonable Approximation to DIII-D Pedestal R = 1.67 m a = 0.65 m Neutral Gas Shielding Ablation Model for Li Employed Results Similar to D Pellet Ablation Which Does Trigger ELMs on DIII-D Top of PedestalSeparatrix r/a 4 cm Calculated Pedestal Deposition for 1 mm Li Granules with Injection Speeds from 30 m/s to 100 m/s 6 Max for 1mm D 2 @ 30 m/s

7. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Insertion Velocity Shaft Rotation Frequency Depth of Insertion Rotor Period Injection Velocity Free Fall Distance Impeller Radius Pacing Frequency Granule Reservoir Pacing Frequency The Scheme: Redirecting an Unsynchronized Stream of Falling Li Granules with a Rotating Impeller 7

8. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) 14 cm 20 cm 15 cm V = 0 – 100 m/s Freq = 0 – 100’s Hz Independent Control: Granule Size (change between shots) Injection Speed (ramp during shots) Pacing Frequency (ramp during shots) Dropper ~ 1 mm Li Spheres Rotating Impeller The Granule Injector Footprint and Parameters 8

9. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) 6 cm Glass Guide Tube Impeller Velocity 0 - 95 m/s Falling Porcelain Spheres (1.5 mm) Shaft Frequency: 0 - 260 Hz Presently driven by small electric motor – final system to be driven by air motor The Prototype Impeller: Material: Peek, Radius: 6 cm, Velocity 0 - 95 m/s 9

10. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) The Li Granule Dropper Apparatus (Unsynchronized) 73 mm 80 mm ~ Resonating Piezoelectric Disk (2.25 kHz) Li Granules ~ 40 grams 10 5 granules Arbitrary Waveform Generator (2.25 kHz) Has been used to inject Li powder in NSTX & EAST 1 mm spheres can be dropped at 0 - 150 Hz depending on voltage Smaller granules can drop at higher frequency - up to 500 Hz 10

11. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Annular Feed Column Throttle Gap PZD Li Powder Li Granules * Li Granules * Granule Sizes Can be Changed Between Shots by Simple 90 Degree Rotation of Capped Throttle 11

12. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Mass Density (gm/cm 3 ) Atomic Density (10 22 /cm 3 ) Electron Density (10 22 /cm 3 ) Melting Temp (°K) Boiling Temp (°K) D0.206.0 18.623.6 Li0.524.513.54541615 LiD0.825.522969N/A* For the same size granule/pellet, Li (LiD) ablates 2.25 (3.66) times as many electrons as D. * In vacuum, LiD dissociates before it boils Physical Properties of D, Li and LiD LiD is Another Interesting Candidate for ELM Pacing 12

13. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Video 13

14. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) EXTRA SLIDES 14

15. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) 1 mm D 2 Pellet vs 1 mm Li Granule @ 30 m/s Li +1 Assumed 15 Paul Parks, Wen Wu Linear Temperature and Density Profiles Assumed for Pedestal: Te (r/a = 1) = 0 Te(r/a = 0.94) = 1 keV ne(r/a = 1 ) = 0 ne(r/a = 0.94) = 5 x 10 13 cm -3 Reasonable Approximation to DIII-D Pedestal R = 1.67 m a = 0.65 m Neutral Gas Shielding Ablation Model for Li Employed This calculation only represents singly ionized D and Li. Contributions from electrons are ignored. 4 cm Top of PedestalSeparatrix Deposited Atomic Density vs r/a r/a

16. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) Vacuum Enclosure for Dropper Apparatus Glass Guide Tube Impeller Granule Drift Section Granule Absorber Section 95 m/s The Prototype Li Granule Injector Test Station 16

17. NSTX International Symposium on Lithium Applications - Can Li Granules Trigger ELMs? D. K. Mansfield, A. L. Roquemore et al (4/29/2011) 135064@ 272 ms135064@ 280 ms130389@ 353 ms130389@ 356 ms 130387@ 191 ms 130387@ 197 ms 130385@ 393 ms130385@ 400 ms ELM Triggered ! Examples of Edge Perturbations from Low-Velocity (~ 5m/s) Lithium Granules (~ 2mm) in Four Discharges (2008) 17