1. Tennessee SPI Objective: Draw a conclusion that establishes a cause and effect relationship supported by evidence. Notes Science Essential Question What is the difference between a cause and the corresponding effect, and what is the connection between these two events in time? SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect Instructions for Students 1) Make sure you view this presentation in slideshow mode. 2) If you need help, please communicate with your teacher. 3) If needed, there are videos about how to do this on YouTube. RCS Check for Understanding Examine famous scientific discoveries from history to identify cause and effect relationships.

2. Cause and Effect Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect This concept is called causation or causality Elaboration Relationship between two events where the first event is understood to be responsible for the second event. If you do one specific action then another specific action will occur because of the first action.  The Cause: is the first action or event  The Effect: is the resulting consequence Example: “Knee-Jerk Reflex Test”  Cause: Doctor hits your knee with rubber hammer  Effect: Your leg “jerks” upward and outward

3. Example: In first period a student has a headache and is sleepy. The night before they stayed up late watching a funny movie until 2:00 A.M. Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect Identify the cause and effect in this situation The Cause (first action) Staying up late until 2:00 A.M. The Effect (resulting consequence) Headache and being sleepy in first period

4. Reminder:-The cause: is the first action or event Reminder: -The effect: is the resulting consequence Match the following causes and effects on your paper (Just write the number with the letter next to it) CausesEffects (1) Driver presses the gas pedal(A) A chemical reaction occurs (2) Two substances are combined(B) Student earns a 100 on a test (3) Student studies for one hour(C) Car travels fast Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect

5. Match the following causes and effects CausesEffects (1) Driver presses the gas pedal(A) A chemical reaction occurs (2) Two substances are combined(B) Student earns a 100 on a test (3) Student studies for one hour(C) Car travels fast Cause: (1) Driver presses the gas pedal Effect: (A) A chemical reaction occurs Cause: (2) Two substances are combined Effect: (C) Car travels fast Cause: (3) Student studies for one hour Effect: (B) Student earns a 100 on a test Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect

6. Be Aware! correlation is not the same as causation  just because two events appear to be connected (correlated) does not mean that the 1st event actually caused the 2 nd event Example 01: From a 2007 study: British Journal of Psychology  A true correlation was revealed, but there was no causation.  boys with longer fingers scored higher on SAT math question  girls with longer fingers scored higher on SAT verbal questions  Earning a higher score (effect) is not caused by longer fingers. It is merely a coincidence.

7. Be Aware! correlation is not the same as causation  just because two events appear to be connected (correlated) does not mean that the 1st event actually caused the 2 nd event Example 01: From a 2007 study: British Journal of Psychology  A true correlation was revealed, but there was no causation.  boys with longer fingers scored higher on SAT math question  girls with longer fingers scored higher on SAT verbal questions  Earning a higher score (effect) is not caused by longer fingers. It is merely a coincidence.

8. Purpose: Learn what went wrong in order to avoid it in the future. Example: The Hindenburg explosion and crash (1937) Cause and Effect Investigations Cause: Leaking hydrogen gas ignited by static electricity Effect: The Airship exploded. 36 of 97 passengers were killed Video Link (1 min 29 sec): Hindenburg Explosion-1937Hindenburg Explosion-1937

10. Purpose: To find out what went wrong, so we can fix it and avoid it in the future. Cause and Effect Investigations Are Very Common Example: Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion (1986) Cause: (1) O-rings on the rocket booster failed allowing fuel to leak out resulting in a massive explosion. Effect: This NASA spacecraft exploded shortly after liftoff. All seven crewmembers were killed. Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect

11. Most Famous Causes and Effect Investigation? Newspaper Date April 16, 1912 Notes Science SPI 0807.Inq.4 Cause and Effect

12. Fact: 1912-Titanic was the largest ship in the world. April 10, 1912 she left England with 899 sailors and 2,208 passengers. Notes SPI 0807.Inq.4: Cause and Effect Science The Sinking of the Titanic Fact: Titanic was a luxury cruise ship with a swimming pool, 4 restaurants, 3 galleys, 2 libraries, a squash court, and a gym.

13. Notes SPI 0807.Inq.4: Cause and Effect Science The Sinking of the Titanic Fact: Could accommodate over 3000 people, but they only had enough lifeboats to carry about 1178 people. Fact: Constructed with 16 huge watertight compartments. Therefore the press called her "unsinkable." Fact: April 15, 1912-hit an iceberg and sank. There were only 706 survivors. Over 1500 people died (68%). Video Link: Titanic Sinking AnimationTitanic Sinking Animation

14. Effect: sinking to the bottom of the sea Notes SPI 0807.Inq.4: Cause and Effect Science The Sinking of the Titanic What exactly was the cause? With 16 watertight compartments, what caused the Titanic to sink? The impact damaged five of the watertight compartments The water flowed over the top of the watertight bulkheads