1. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage The American System as a Cultural System, 1789-1837

2. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

3. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage A.What was the American System? 1. An economic and cultural policy package in the post-War of 1812 United States 2. Political platform of the National Republicans in the 1810s and 1820s and the Whig Party in the 1830s and 1840s

4. 3. Coined by Henry Clay (March 31, 1824): “a genuine American system” – protection of domestic manufactures through protective tariffs Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

5. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage Henry Clay (1777-1852)

6. 4. Policies a. Protective Tariffs b. Internal Improvements (roads and canals) c. National Bank (The First Bank of the United States: 1791-1811; The Second Bank of the United States: 1816-1836) d. Public Land Policies for Revenue Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

7. The American System Protective Tariffs Internal Improve- ments : Roads and Canals National Bank Public Land Policies

8. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

9. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage 5. Approach: Initiatives of the federal government in the economy 6. Economic purpose: Creation of domestic market a. South: cotton b. West: grains and livestock c. Northeast: manufacturing

10. 7. Political Purpose: strengthening of the union of different sections: “American” System 8. The American “System” a. Internal Improvements: justification for the continuation of Protective Tariffs and revenue oriented public land policies b. National Bank: financial arm of the federal government Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

11. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage 9. Examples of the American System a. Protective Tariffs Acts of 1828 and 1832 b. Cumberland (National) Road (1811- 1839) c. The Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836) d. Rejection of the Graduation and Cession proposals

12. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage Cumberland Road

13. The Second Bank of the United States (Philadelphia) Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

14. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage B. The American System as a Cultural System 1. George Washington a. First Annual Message (January 8, 1790)- promotion of science, culture and aids to “seminaries of learning and… or creation of a national university”

15. Internal Improve- ments : Roads and Canals National Bank Cultural Improve- ments The American System Protective Tariffs Public Land Policies

16. b. Farewell Address (September 17, 1796) 1) Creation of a domestic market 2) “progressive improvement of interior communications by land and water” 3) Union as “a main prop of your liberty” Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

17. c. Eighth Annual Message (December 7, 1796) 1) a national university: - “the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter” -”the more homogeneous our citizens can be made… the greater will be our prospect of permanent union.” Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

18. d. George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army 1) Frustrated by the jealousies among states 2) Continental perspective Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

19. George Washington Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

20. 2. Thomas Jefferson a. Second inaugural address (March 4, 1805): “rivers, canals, arts, manufactures, and education” b. Sixth annual message (December 2, 1806): “Education is here placed among the articles of public care…” Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

21. c. Minister to France (1785-1789) d. Alexander Hamilton’s comments on Jefferson (January 16, 1801): “he [Jefferson] was generally for a large construction of the Executive authority.” Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

22. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage Thomas Jefferson

23. 3. James Madison a. Second Annual Message (December 5, 1810): “ a well-constituted seminary in the center of the nation,” “to strengthen the foundations” and “to adorn the structure of our free and happy system of government” Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

24. b. Father of the United States Constitution: 1) Drafted the Virginia Plan before the Constitutional Convention (May- September 1787) 2) Coauthored the Federalist Papers (1787-1788) Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

25. James Madison Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

26. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage 4. Culmination in John Quincy Adams’ First Annual Address (December 6, 1825) a. A national university in Washington D.C., an astronomical observatory, survey of the northwest coast, creation of a new Department of the Interior b. “Liberty is power.”

27. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage John Quincy Adams

28. Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage Andrew Jackson

29. Acknowledgements UAA Provost’s Office UAA CAS Dean’s Office UAA CAFE (Center for Advancing Faculty Excellence) UAA Complex Systems Group UAA History Department Consortium Library Staff Student Assistant Orion Allen Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage

30. Orion Allen Songho HaUniversity of Alaska Anchorage