1. GM Technology Ethical and moral dimensions Dr Bernie Jones AMASA 9 12/11/13

2. Ethical issues 1 First, consider scientists’ ethics and conduct Evil scientists only* exist in Hollywood

3. Ethical issues 2 “Scientists are playing God” Is using science and biotechnology really “playing God”? 3

4. Playing God? No explicit instruction of prohibition in the sacred texts – Holy Bible – Holy Quran – Sacred texts of other religions

5. Playing God? Species boundaries derive from the view of Plato and Aristotle about eternal and ideal forms ‘boundary-crossing’ prohibited to keep things separate for reasons of health, purity or cleanliness Historical arguments about the fixity of species and fear of new varieties (eg potato not in Bible). What we have heard about how the genetics and form of almost all crops (and some animals) have been altered over the millennia

6. Playing God? Insights into humans as ‘co-creators’ with God Contributing to, rather than usurping the divine work of creation through new technology.

7. Classical questions GM and biotechnology: – Is it safe? – Is it natural? – Is it fair? – Is it needed?

8. Is it safe? Questions of risks and risk assessment are notoriously hard to discuss rationally Individual perception of risk and benefit – Mobile phones – Surgery – Road travel – “Dangerous” sports Risks and benefits to wildlife and environment are no different from the introduction of any new plant variety or advanced hybrids derived from the well-established methods of conventional plant breeding

9. Some more about safety

10. Is it natural? More like “hijacking” living processes and turning them to new ends Which is what humans have been doing for millennia …and what agrobacterium has been quietly and happily been doing for even longer But still troublesome How do we feel about: – in-vitro fertilisation – genetic testing during pregnancy – genetic technology to produce insulin, or vaccines

11. Is it fair? Public concerns expressed where they see science and its presentation shaped solely by commercial interests Commercial vs public benefit Developed world vs developing world benefit Regulation Intellectual property Technology is fair; its application depends tho

12. Is it needed? Achieving food security requires that benefits outweigh the costs – risks are likely to be dealt with by well-functioning markets – market failure needs to be identified and targeted – barriers may exist that prevent markets functioning Challenges that cannot (reasonably) be solved by other methods Impact of the European Union (need, activists, European institutions)

13. CountryVote Germany29 France29 UK29 Italy29 Spain27 Poland27 Romania14 Netherlands13 Portugal12 Belgium12 Czech12 Hungary12 Greece12 Sweden10 Austria10 Bulgaria10 Slovakia7 Finland7 Denmark7 Ireland7 Lithuania7 Latvia4 Slovenia4 Luxembourg4 Cyprus4 Estonia4 Malta3 Power Politics (Porter, 2010) In favour Wavering Against EU Member States general attitudes to GM yes somewhat not sure no OK Do you agree or not with use of biotechnology for food security? 77% of EU citizens are in favour of taking advantage of biotechnology in agriculture

14. Thank you!