1.  Pangea

2.  Culture: way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience  Cultural diffusion: the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.culturalideasstylesreligions technologieslanguages

3.  Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory-300 B.C.)  Section 1: Understanding Our Past  Prehistory-the period of time thousands and thousands of years before writing was invented  Historians study and write about the past  -artifacts  -written evidence  -photographs and films  Historians evaluate all this evidence to judge reliability  A major goal of historians is to determine causes of certain events

4.  Historians are not always accurate:  -personal experiences  -cultural background  -political opinions  These biases cause debate among historians  Investigating Prehistory  The study of Prehistory is known as Anthropology  Anthropologists focus on physical and cultural traits of past peoples  Archaeology is a branch of Anthropology that studies material remains

5.  Archaeologists frequently revise theories as new evidence is discovered  Archaeologists employ other scientists such as geologists, botanists, zoologists and biologists  Modern archeologists are aided by technology such as computers and aerial photographs  Discoveries in Africa and Beyond  Prehistoric people are mysterious for several reasons:  -no cities  -no countries  -no organized governments  -no complex inventions

6.  Mary and Louis Leakey discovered artifacts thought to be as old as 2.1 million years  These artifacts showed that primitive people developed technology  In 1959 Mary discovered a Hominid skull  By 1974 a full Hominid skeleton had been discovered by Donald Johanson  Scientists have concluded that various groups of Hominids have lived over millions of years  They also believe that they all originated in Africa  Homo sapiens first appeared between 250,000 and 100,000 years ago

7.  Hominid and Homo Erectus

8.  Homo Sapiens and Neanderthal

9.  Geico Cavemen and Human Beings Section 1 vocab pg 4, #3-5 on pg 10

10.  Section 2: Turning Point The Neolithic Revolution  Prehistory is divided into 2 phases:  Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) 2 million b.c.-10,000 b.c.  New Stone Age (Neolithic) 10,000b.c.-end of prehistory  The Neolithic Age is defined by changes in skills and technologies  Skills and Beliefs of the Old Stone Age  Early humans were nomadic people  They live in small groups and hunted and gathered for survival  They depended on the environment for food and shelter, and adapted to their surroundings  They made advancements in tools, clothing and spoken language

11.  Old Stone Age people began to develop spiritual beliefs  They buried their dead with supplies needed in the after life  They believed in spirits and forces in all sorts of objects-animism  The New Stone Age Begins With Farming  Beginnings of New Stone Age date back to about 10,000 B.C.  Nomadic people discovered farming which drastically altered their way of life  For the first time people could stay in one place instead of searching for food

12.  Early farmers were the first to domesticate plants and animals  The Neolithic Revolution Brings Dramatic Change  This was the greatest change until the Industrial Revolution of the 1700’s  Established villages led to advances in culture and technology  Jericho is one of the first established villages and still exists today  Men dominated most aspect of village life

13. The First Village People

14.  Earliest form of governments were established in these first villages  Village people also began to acquire possessions which led difference in wealth or class  Villagers also created new technologies such as:  -calendar  -animals  -tools  -storage containers  Vocab pg 11  #3-5 pg 15

15.  Section 3: Beginnings of Civilization  Civilizations are complex, highly organized social orders  Civilizations emerged as villages became cities  Cities began along fertile river valleys that produced surpluses of food  Rivers provided fertile land and a constant water supply  River valley required much cooperation to build dikes, canals and irrigation ditches  To organize labor, more complex systems of government were formed

16.  The first cities were well organized and surrounded by thick walls  Civilizations have 8 major features:  -cities  -organized governments  -complex religions (poly and mono-theistic)  -job specialization  -social classes  -arts and architecture  -public works  -writing  As rulers gained more power, city-states began to emerge  Rulers forced peasants to grow crops, many of which benefited the government

17.  As powerful rulers conquered more cities, empires emerged  As civilizations grow they experience many changes  Cultural diffusion was an important source of change  People of different cities began to share and adapt customs  Vocab pg 17, #3-5 pg 23