1. Lecture 3 – Networks and Distributed Systems CSE 490h – Introduction to Distributed Computing, Spring 2007 Except as otherwise noted, the content of this presentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.

2. Outline Networking Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Transaction Processing Systems

3. Fundamentals of Networking

4. Sockets: The Internet = tubes? A socket is the basic network interface Provides a two-way “pipe” abstraction between two applications Client creates a socket, and connects to the server, who receives a socket representing the other side

5. Ports Within an IP address, a port is a sub-address identifying a listening program Allows multiple clients to connect to a server at once

6. Example: Web Server (1/3) The server creates a listener socket attached to a specific port. 80 is the agreed-upon port number for web traffic.

7. Example: Web Server (2/3) The client-side socket is still connected to a port, but the OS chooses a random unused port number When the client requests a URL (e.g., “www.google.com”), its OS uses a system called DNS to find its IP address.

8. Example: Web Server (3/3) Server chooses a randomly-numbered port to handle this particular client Listener is ready for more incoming connections, while we process the current connection in parallel

9. What makes this work? Underneath the socket layer are several more protocols Most important are TCP and IP (which are used hand-in-hand so often, they’re often spoken of as one protocol: TCP/IP) Even more low-level protocols handle how data is sent over Ethernet wires, or how bits are sent through the air using 802.11 wireless…

10. IP: The Internet Protocol Defines the addressing scheme for computers Encapsulates internal data in a “packet” Does not provide reliability Just includes enough information for the data to tell routers where to send it

11. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol Built on top of IP Introduces concept of “connection” Provides reliability and ordering

12. Why is This Necessary? Not actually tube-like “underneath the hood” Unlike phone system (circuit switched), the packet switched Internet uses many routes at once

13. Networking Issues If a party to a socket disconnects, how much data did they receive? … Did they crash? Or did a machine in the middle? Can someone in the middle intercept/modify our data? Traffic congestion makes switch/router topology important for efficient throughput

14. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)

15. How RPC Doesn’t Work Regular client-server protocols involve sending data back and forth according to a shared state Client: Server: HTTP/1.0 index.html GET 200 OK Length: 2400 (file data) HTTP/1.0 hello.gif GET 200 OK Length: 81494 …

16. Remote Procedure Call RPC servers will call arbitrary functions in dll, exe, with arguments passed over the network, and return values back over network Client: Server: foo.dll,bar(4, 10, “hello”) “returned_string” foo.dll,baz(42) err: no such function …

17. Possible Interfaces RPC can be used with two basic interfaces: synchronous and asynchronous Synchronous RPC is a “remote function call” – client blocks and waits for return val Asynchronous RPC is a “remote thread spawn”

18. Synchronous RPC

19. Asynchronous RPC

20. Asynchronous RPC 2: Callbacks

21. Wrapper Functions Writing rpc_call(foo.dll, bar, arg0, arg1..) is poor form  Confusing code  Breaks abstraction Wrapper function makes code cleaner bar(arg0, arg1); //just write this; calls “stub”

22. More Design Considerations Who can call RPC functions? Anybody? How do you handle multiple versions of a function? Need to marshal objects How do you handle error conditions? Numerous protocols: DCOM, CORBA, JRMI…

23. Transaction Processing Systems (We’re using the blue cover sheets on the TPS reports now…)

24. TPS: Definition A system that handles transactions coming from several sources concurrently Transactions are “events that generate and modify data stored in an information system for later retrieval” * * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_System

25. Key Features of TPS: ACID “ACID” is the acronym for the features a TPS must support: Atomicity – A set of changes must all succeed or all fail Consistency – Changes to data must leave the data in a valid state when the full change set is applied Isolation – The effects of a transaction must not be visible until the entire transaction is complete Durability – After a transaction has been committed successfully, the state change must be permanent.

26. Atomicity & Durability What happens if we write half of a transaction to disk and the power goes out?

27. Logging: The Undo Buffer 1. Database writes to log the current values of all cells it is going to overwrite 2. Database overwrites cells with new values 3. Database marks log entry as committed If db crashes during (2), we use the log to roll back the tables to prior state

28. Consistency: Data Types Data entered in databases have rigorous data types associated with them, and explicit ranges Does not protect against all errors (entering a date in the past is still a valid date, etc), but eliminates tedious programmer concerns

29. Consistency: Foreign Keys Database designers declare that fields are indices into the keys of another table Database ensures that target key exists before allowing value in source field

30. Isolation Using mutual-exclusion locks, we can prevent other processes from reading data we are in the process of writing When a database is prepared to commit a set of changes, it locks any records it is going to update before making the changes

31. Faulty Locking Locking alone does not ensure isolation! Changes to table A are visible before changes to table B – this is not an isolated transaction

32. Two-Phase Locking After a transaction has released any locks, it may not acquire any new locks Effect: The lock set owned by a transaction has a “growing” phase and a “shrinking” phase

33. Relationship to Distributed Comp At the heart of a TPS is usually a large database server Several distributed clients may connect to this server at points in time Database may be spread across multiple servers, but must still maintain ACID

34. Conclusions We’ve seen 3 layers that make up a distributed system Designing a large distributed system involves engineering tradeoffs at each of these levels Appreciating subtle concerns at each level requires diving past the abstractions, but abstractions are still useful in general