1. Carbon isotopic composition in tree-rings: a temperature record and a tool for biomonitoring CO 2 level Sławomira Pawełczyk and Anna Pazdur Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics, Department of Radioisotopes, Gliwice, Poland,

2. translocation stem respiration ground water CO 2 13 C/ 12 C temperature precipitation assimilation respiration glucose 13 C/ 12 C starch 13 C/ 12 C tree-ring 13 C/ 12 C soil water CO 2 cellulose 13 C/ 12 C reserves leaf water transpiration latewood 13 C/ 12 C earlywood 13 C/ 12 C evaporation Photosynthesis 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+solar energy C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2  13 C p – isotopic composition of plant material,  13 C a – isotopic composition of the air, a - discrimination against 13 C due to diffusion (  4.4 ‰), b - isotopic discrimination during carboxylation (  27 ‰), c i - internal CO 2 concentration, c a - atmospheric CO 2 concentration CO 2 stomata water

3. Map of Poland with location of sample collection sites

4. Mass spectrometer MI - 1305 Liquid scintillation beta spectrometer QUANTULUS 1220 extraction in Soxhlet’s apparatus separation of latewood benzene  -cellulose  14 C  13 C WOOD (cross-section of trunk ) separation of tree-rings represent successive growth years carbon dioxide

7. Warsaw (52°12’N, 21°10’E) Kaunas (54º88’N, 23º88’E) Vilnius (54º63’N, 25º28’E) Cracow (50°03’N, 19°03’E) Augustów (53°51’N, 22°58’E) Pine Pinus sylvestris Shape of a pine crown Needles, seedling, seed,cone Cross - section fragment of trunk Annual average temperature (according to IMGW) Meteorological data: Diposition of temperature in Europe Augustów Kowno Wilno 14

8. Fig.1. Observed sunspot numbers and Aa indices Fig.2.  14 C in the 1861-954 tree-rings of pine from Augustów Wilderness, Poland Sunspot numbers Aa indices

9. 186018801900192019401960 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 Year  14 C [‰] This work Stuiver et al. (1998) Fig.3.  14 C in the 1861-954 tree-rings of pine from Augustów Wilderness. For comparison, the measurements by Stuiver et al. are also ploted

12. Fig. 4.  14 C in 1861 – 1898 tree-rings from Augustów Wilderness and sunspot numbers. The correlation coefficient, with  14 C values delayed by 4 years is – 0.41 (n = 37, p < 0.02 ) Fig.5.  14 C in 1861 – 1898 tree-rings from Augustów Wilderness and Aa indices. The correlation coefficient, with  14 C values delayed by 4 years is – 0.27 (n = 37, p < 0.1)  14 C sunspot number  14 C Aa indices

14.  14 C in wood as a tool for biomonitoring CO 2 level  14 C [‰] = a·e + b relationship for years 1861 – 1955 Years

15. CH 2 2 2  C OH CuO 2. Latewood Na ClO 2 CH 3 COOH holocellulose NaOH  - cellulose Cross - section fragment of pine trunk 1. Resin extraction in Soxhlet’s apparatus The Soxhlet thimble used in the extraction of  - cellulose 3. O HO O HO + CO Mass spectrometer OH n 450 18 h  - cellulose Preparation of  - cellulose and  13 C measurements Accuracy of measurement: 0.05 ‰ latewood earlywood tree-ring

16. relationship for years 1899 –1948 relationship for years 1899 –1968

17.  13 C in tree-rings as a temperature record b c Correlation coefficient between  13 C values for wholewood and average temperatures Correlation coefficient between  13 C in  -cellulose from latewoodand average temperatures

18.  13 C in wholewood as a tool for biomonitoring CO 2 level relationship for years 1861 - 1968 relationship for years 1890 - 1968  13 C = a·e + b Years

19.  13 C in late wood as a tool for biomonitoring CO 2 level relationship for years 1899 -1968 relationship for years 1899 -1962  13 C = a·e + b Years

20.  13 C in  -cellulose from latewood and CO 2 concentration in atmosphere partial derivative of  13 C towards time (in years) partial derivative of  13 C towards temperature partial derivative of  13 C towards precipitation partial derivative of  13 C towards CO 2 emission n changes of temperature in time changes of CO 2 in time changes of  13 C under the influence of additional factors, for example: „potential for growth”, carbon flux from biosphere do atmosphere or error connected with establishment changes of precipitation in time

21. ,, Assuming: the following relation is valid:

22. Comparison between trends

23. THE END Thank you for attention